From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sat Nov 01 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!howland.erols.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!Sprint!newsfeed.internetmci.com!152.163.199.19!portc03.blue.aol.com!audrey01.news.aol.com!not-for-mail From: dwhite9096@aol.com (DWhite9096) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Chromosome numbers Date: 2 Nov 1997 05:12:48 GMT Lines: 7 Message-ID: <19971102051201.AAA27829@ladder01.news.aol.com> NNTP-Posting-Host: ladder01.news.aol.com X-Admin: news@aol.com Organization: AOL http://www.aol.com I'm working on a genetics project for The Waksman Student Scholars program, and i'm having lots of trouble finding the number of chromosomes in such organisms as E.Coli bacteria, yeast, dog, onion, etc. Does anyone know of a page that would list them?...please let me know, thanks SuperDorothy From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sun Nov 02 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!rutgers!uwm.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!not-for-mail From: zhaojk@prairienet.org (Zhao Jiankang) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Human gender control Date: 3 Nov 1997 11:50:29 GMT Organization: Prairienet Lines: 5 Message-ID: <63kdq5$rv3$1@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu> NNTP-Posting-Host: bluestem.prairienet.org X-Newsreader: TIN [UNIX 1.3 950824BETA PL0] Hi. Dear friends. Can we artificially control the gender of human being? I am concerned about this matter because I want to have a boy. If the answer is yes, please also tell me how, OK? Thank you very much. -- From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Mon Nov 03 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!howland.erols.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!news-pull.sprintlink.net!news-in-east.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!Sprint!194.59.190.100!newsfeed.ecrc.net!news.space.net!news.klaus-datentechnik.de!news From: "Daniel Pikarski" Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: human genome Date: Tue, 4 Nov 1997 12:17:25 +0100 Organization: Klaus Datentechnik GmbH Lines: 7 Message-ID: <63n1gk$6ri@news.klaus-datentechnik.de> NNTP-Posting-Host: modem09.kdt.de X-Newsreader: Microsoft Outlook Express 4.71.1008.3 X-MimeOle: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE Engine V4.71.1008.3 I am searching for everything man knows about the human genes ! PLEASE HELP ME ! From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Fri Nov 07 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!USERS.AFRICAONLINE.CO.KE!wellcome From: wellcome@USERS.AFRICAONLINE.CO.KE ("Wellcome Trust, Nairobi.") Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Long primers for PCR Date: 8 Nov 1997 05:39:56 -0800 Organization: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories Lines: 17 Sender: daemon@net.bio.net Distribution: world Message-ID: <346501EB.72EF@users.AfricaOnline.Co.Ke> Reply-To: wellcome@users.africaonline.co.ke NNTP-Posting-Host: net.bio.net Dear Colleagues, If there any risk of amplifying a fragment DNA with primer which are 50 to 60 pb. Actually, I want to introduce a enzyme restriction site in these primers so that I can easily detected them in agore or Acrylamide gel. Therefore I do need longer primers. But I wandering about doing a PCR such long oligonucleotides. My regards, -- Wellcome Trust Research Labs, PO Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel 254 (2) 725390, Fax 254 (2) 711673 E-mail: wellcome@users.africaonline.co.ke From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sat Nov 08 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!rutgers!uwm.edu!news-out.internetmci.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!207.206.0.75!streamer1.cleveland.iagnet.net!iagnet.net!news-w.ans.net!dahlia.singnet.com.sg!columbine.singnet.com.sg!news.swiftech.com.sg!p-09-06.swiftech.com.sg From: "Wendy Ng " Newsgroups: alt.teens,alt.philosophy.taoism,alt.philosophy.zen,bionet.mycology,bionet.neuroscience,bionet.parasitology,bionet.plants,bionet.genome.chromosomes,bionet.microbiology,alt.flame.niggers,alt.nswpp,alt.poltics.white-power,alt.revisionism,alt.skinheads,alt.pa Subject: Re: Please help me in this regard. Date: 9 Nov 97 14:54:04 GMT Organization: .. Lines: 14 Message-ID: <01bced1f$a6a791a0$86497fcb@default> References: <01bcc8c3$3ebd42e0$e3e92399@itjfvkli> <60bl1n$5lp$1@netty.york.ac.uk> NNTP-Posting-Host: main.swiftech.com.sg X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1161 Xref: biosci bionet.mycology:6880 bionet.neuroscience:20692 bionet.parasitology:2948 bionet.plants:17120 bionet.genome.chromosomes:1904 bionet.microbiology:11564 VERY VERY VERY VERY UNLIKELY!!!! Kaih Bomai wrote in article ... > > I am student and that I need to know at the current rate of > inter-marriage that is going on in the world - is it possible that in > some time in the future.....will they be ever a particular human with same > genotype. > Please help > > > From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sat Nov 08 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!207.206.0.75!streamer1.cleveland.iagnet.net!iagnet.net!news-w.ans.net!dahlia.singnet.com.sg!columbine.singnet.com.sg!news.swiftech.com.sg!p-09-06.swiftech.com.sg From: "Sze Toh Khai Munn" Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Re: Human gender control Date: 9 Nov 97 15:01:45 GMT Organization: .. Lines: 15 Message-ID: <01bced20$b96d0f80$86497fcb@default> References: <63kdq5$rv3$1@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu> NNTP-Posting-Host: main.swiftech.com.sg X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1161 There is a possibility of choosing the sex of your child, if that's what you mean. This is done by selecting or separating the X and Y chromosomes from the sperm. I think this subject is still very new but it has already been reported in cattle and such. Not to mention expensive. I don't think that they have approved it on humans though. Anybody correct me if I'm wrong. Thanks. Zhao Jiankang wrote in article <63kdq5$rv3$1@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu>... > Hi. Dear friends. Can we artificially control the gender of human > being? I am concerned about this matter because I want to have a boy. > If the answer is yes, please also tell me how, OK? Thank you very much. > -- > > From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sat Nov 08 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.nacamar.de!uni-erlangen.de!winx03!news From: s88891@stud-mail.uni-wuerzburg.de (Mathias Holpert) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Re: Long primers for PCR Date: Sun, 09 Nov 1997 19:53:35 GMT Organization: University of Wuerzburg, Germany Lines: 25 Message-ID: <34660d04.7035125@news.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de> References: <346501EB.72EF@users.AfricaOnline.Co.Ke> NNTP-Posting-Host: wex142.extern.uni-wuerzburg.de Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Newsreader: Forte Agent 1.5/32.451 On 8 Nov 1997 05:39:56 -0800, wellcome@USERS.AFRICAONLINE.CO.KE ("Wellcome Trust, Nairobi.") wrote: >Dear Colleagues, > >If there any risk of amplifying a fragment DNA with primer which are 50 >to 60 pb. Actually, I want to introduce a enzyme restriction site in >these primers so that I can easily detected them in agore or Acrylamide >gel. Therefore I do need longer primers. But I wandering about doing a >PCR such long oligonucleotides. >My regards, Generally, it is possible to work with primers as long as those you intend to use. I have used primers longer than that to introduce specific mutations into my plasmid and they worked me. But the longer the primer, the more likely it is to form weird secondary structures or primer-dimers. You may want to play with your PCR conditions- but is definitely possible. Good luck Mathias P.S.: Are you sure that your primers need to be this long if you just want to introduce a new restriction site? From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sat Nov 08 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!rutgers!uwm.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!ais.net!news.idt.net!dispose.news.demon.net!demon!news.demon.co.uk!demon!bebbo.demon.co.uk!dene From: Dene Bebbington Newsgroups: alt.teens,alt.philosophy.taoism,alt.philosophy.zen,bionet.mycology,bionet.neuroscience,bionet.parasitology,bionet.plants,bionet.genome.chromosomes,bionet.microbiology,alt.flame.niggers,alt.nswpp,alt.poltics.white-power,alt.revisionism,alt.skinheads,alt.pa Subject: Re: Please help me in this regard. Date: Sun, 9 Nov 1997 18:12:22 +0000 Organization: Deno's Domicile Distribution: world Message-ID: References: <01bcc8c3$3ebd42e0$e3e92399@itjfvkli> <60bl1n$5lp$1@netty.york.ac.uk> <01bced1f$a6a791a0$86497fcb@default> NNTP-Posting-Host: bebbo.demon.co.uk X-NNTP-Posting-Host: bebbo.demon.co.uk [194.222.67.195] MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Newsreader: Turnpike Version 3.01 Lines: 20 Xref: biosci bionet.mycology:6882 bionet.neuroscience:20693 bionet.parasitology:2949 bionet.plants:17122 bionet.genome.chromosomes:1907 bionet.microbiology:11569 Wendy Ng wrote: >VERY VERY VERY VERY UNLIKELY!!!! > >Kaih Bomai wrote in article >... >> >> I am student and that I need to know at the current rate of >> inter-marriage that is going on in the world - is it possible that in >> some time in the future.....will they be ever a particular human with >same >> genotype. They are commonly known as twins. Do you know what a genotype is? -- Dene Bebbington http://www.bebbo.demon.co.uk "Beside the braes of dawn. One clear new morning. Down where the lilies stood in bloom. I knew that I was just a stranger in this world. A wind just passing through." - Calum & Rory Macdonald (Runrig) From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sun Nov 09 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!193.174.75.126!news-was.dfn.de!news-fra1.dfn.de!news-koe1.dfn.de!news.ruhr-uni-bochum.de!news.rwth-aachen.de!not-for-mail From: Andreas John Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Reading out DNA Date: Mon, 10 Nov 1997 10:19:23 +0100 Organization: Aachen University of Technology / Rechnerbetrieb Informatik Lines: 13 Message-ID: <3466D19B.41C67EA6@ithe.rwth-aachen.de> NNTP-Posting-Host: fritz.ithe.rwth-aachen.de Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.0 (X11; I; SunOS 4.1.2 sun4c) CC: aj@ithe.rwth-aachen.de Hallo! Could anyone please explain to someone who is not an expert in this field how the information stored in the DNA sequences of the various chromosomes is read out/interpreted during the growth of a creature? Is it similar to what can be done in mathematics with Iterated Function Theory, where complex structures are created by iterative application of a finite set of rules (= finite number of bases in DNA)? Please email to aj@ithe.rwth-aachen.de Andreas John From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sun Nov 09 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!bcm.tmc.edu!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!4.1.16.34!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!cpk-news-feed4.bbnplanet.com!cpk-news-feed1.bbnplanet.com!news.bbnplanet.com!nih.gov!NewsWatcher!user From: jcz@nchgr.nih.gov (Jean C. Zenklusen) Newsgroups: alt.teens,alt.philosophy.taoism,alt.philosophy.zen,bionet.mycology,bionet.neuroscience,bionet.parasitology,bionet.plants,bionet.genome.chromosomes,bionet.microbiology,alt.flame.niggers,alt.nswpp,alt.poltics.white-power,alt.revisionism,alt.skinheads,alt.pa Subject: Re: Please help me in this regard. Date: Mon, 10 Nov 1997 08:46:42 -0500 Organization: NIH - NCHGR Lines: 38 Distribution: world Message-ID: References: <01bcc8c3$3ebd42e0$e3e92399@itjfvkli> <60bl1n$5lp$1@netty.york.ac.uk> <01bced1f$a6a791a0$86497fcb@default> NNTP-Posting-Host: 165.112.238.32 Xref: biosci bionet.mycology:6885 bionet.neuroscience:20695 bionet.parasitology:2950 bionet.plants:17127 bionet.genome.chromosomes:1909 bionet.microbiology:11575 In article , Dene Bebbington wrote: > >Kaih Bomai wrote in article > >... > >> > >> I am student and that I need to know at the current rate of > >> inter-marriage that is going on in the world - is it possible that in > >> some time in the future.....will they be ever a particular human with > >same > >> genotype. > > They are commonly known as twins. Do you know what a genotype is? > > -- > Dene Bebbington http://www.bebbo.demon.co.uk > > "Beside the braes of dawn. One clear new morning. Down where the lilies > stood in bloom. I knew that I was just a stranger in this world. A wind > just passing through." - Calum & Rory Macdonald (Runrig) Sorry, but no. They are known as "identical" twins. Only monozygous twins have exactly the same allellic variance for all their genes (at least at birth, mutations can occur later in life changing their genotype). Non-identical twins (dizygotes, comming from two eggs) share as much genotype with each other as any pair of siblings. -- Dr. Jean C, Zenklusen, M.S., Ph.D. National Institutes of Health National Center for Human Genome Research Building 49, Room 2C28 49 Convent Drive Bethesda, MD 20892 E-mail:jcz@nchgr.nih.gov "Science has explained nothing: the more we know the profounder is the surrounding darkness" A. Huxley From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sun Nov 09 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!rutgers!nntp.upenn.edu!dsinc!news.voicenet.com!news.idt.net!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.bbnplanet.com!news.algonet.se!uni-erlangen.de!winx03!news From: s88891@stud-mail.uni-wuerzburg.de (Mathias Holpert) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Re: Please help me in this regard. Date: Mon, 10 Nov 1997 20:26:04 GMT Organization: University of Wuerzburg, Germany Lines: 22 Message-ID: <34676777.13831759@news.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de> References: <01bcc8c3$3ebd42e0$e3e92399@itjfvkli> <60bl1n$5lp$1@netty.york.ac.uk> <01bced1f$a6a791a0$86497fcb@default> NNTP-Posting-Host: wex141.extern.uni-wuerzburg.de Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Newsreader: Forte Agent 1.5/32.451 On Sun, 9 Nov 1997 18:12:22 +0000, Dene Bebbington wrote: >> >>Kaih Bomai wrote in article >>... >>> >>> I am student and that I need to know at the current rate of >>> inter-marriage that is going on in the world - is it possible that in >>> some time in the future.....will they be ever a particular human with >>same >>> genotype. > >They are commonly known as twins. Do you know what a genotype is? What do twins have to do with the current rate of inter-marriage, and thus, with the original question? Ciao Mathias From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Mon Nov 10 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!howland.erols.net!news.maxwell.syr.edu!uninett.no!news-stkh.gip.net!news.gsl.net!gip.net!newsfeed1.funet.fi!news2.funet.fi!news.funet.fi!news.helsinki.fi!biotek80.pc.helsinki.fi!roos From: roos@operoni.helsinki.fi (Christophe Roos) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Re: Reading out DNA Date: Tue, 11 Nov 1997 08:16:15 Organization: Institute of Biotechnology Lines: 59 Message-ID: References: <3466D19B.41C67EA6@ithe.rwth-aachen.de> NNTP-Posting-Host: biotek80.pc.helsinki.fi X-Trace: oravannahka.Helsinki.FI 879228925 24808 (None) 128.214.165.67 X-Complaints-To: usenet@oravannahka.Helsinki.FI X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A] > Could anyone please explain to someone who is not an expert in this > field how the information stored in the DNA sequences of the various > chromosomes is read out/interpreted during the growth of a creature? The chromosomes can be considered as very long strings of four letters (to know more about genome sequencing projects, go to the URL http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/genetics.html#organism). The four letter code (ACGT) is read in groups of three (triplets), each triplet being "translated" into one given amino acid. 64 different triplets can be achieved, about three of them meaning "stop" in the translational stage (depending on the organism and organelle under consideration). The rest of them code for about 20 different amino acids, meaning that several triplets have the same translation. The amino acids (peptides) form linear chains. Once a chain (polypeptide) is complete, it will fold into a complex three-dimensional structure, that will give the polypeptide (protein) its function. In brief, the linear 4-letter code of the genes (discrete segments of the chromosomes) is translated into proteins that will adopt 3-dimensional structures given by their amino acid sequence/order. A complex interplay of proteins and many other molecules as well as environmental factors will eventually lead to the formation of an organism. You can view the genome (the set of all chromosomes in one cell of an organism) as a manual or book of instructions how to make a cell (in a community if you consider a multicellular organism). > Is it similar to what can be done in mathematics with Iterated > Function Theory, where complex structures are created by iterative > application of a finite set of rules (= finite number of bases in > DNA)? Partially yes, partially no. With regards to the above comparison of the genome to a book of instructions, it is clearly an oversimplification to say that the instructions can be viewed as a set of iterations performed on the alphabet... The finite "set of rules" is on a higher complexity level than the four bases (alphabet): it is probably more apropriate to view the different modules (domains) of the proteins as the unitary blocks (maybe the sentences in the book could be used for the iterative process). Historically, one interest of mathematicians for genetics lie in the view that all the complexity of living organisms lie in the four letter code. However, one remarkable difference introduced by biological systems is the lack of unitary "rules" at some level from DNA sequence to complex organisms. ChR _________________________________________________________________________ Christophe Roos Dr.Sc., doc. | Institute of Biotechnology | & Dept. of Biosciences Phone: +358 9 7085 9367 | Division of Genetics Fax: +358 9 7085 9366 | P.O.Box 56, Viksbaagen 9 E-mail: Christophe.Roos@Helsinki.FI | FIN-00014 Univ. of Helsinki X-400: /G=Christophe/S=Roos/O=Helsinki/ADMD=fumail/C=Fi Finland WWW Home Page: Roos ------------------------------------------------------------------------- From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Mon Nov 10 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!mark.ucdavis.edu!awabi.library.ucla.edu!208.134.241.18!newsfeed.internetmci.com!192.87.106.104!surfnet.nl!newshost.vu.nl!not-for-mail From: Marisol Rodriguez Pena Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Re: Human gender control Date: Tue, 11 Nov 1997 18:05:24 +0000 Organization: Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Lines: 20 Message-ID: <34689E64.7A6D@chem.vu.nl> References: <63kdq5$rv3$1@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu> <01bced20$b96d0f80$86497fcb@default> NNTP-Posting-Host: macdyn144.chem.vu.nl Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.02 (Macintosh; I; 68K) Sex selection in humans has been carried out succesfully a couple of years ago in Madrid, Spain in a woman who carried the Haemofilia gene and so she did not want to have male kids (50% risk of been haemophylic). After the procedure she had two healthy girls!. I must point out that this procedure SOULD NOT BE indicated to choose the sex of you kid in healthy families. I do not know if there is legislation any way... Greatings MS Rodriguez Pena -- MS Rodriguez Pena, MD, phD Department of Pharmacochemistry, Faculteit der Scheikunde Vrije Universiteit. De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: 31-20-4447572 Fax: 31-20-4447610 From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Thu Nov 20 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!rutgers!nntp.upenn.edu!dsinc!news.voicenet.com!news-dc-9.sprintlink.net!news-dc-2.sprintlink.net!news-east.sprintlink.net!news-dc-26.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!Sprint!worldnet.att.net!news.u.washington.edu!roach From: roach@u.washington.edu (Jared Roach) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: How much of the human genome has been sequenced. Date: 21 Nov 1997 00:09:04 GMT Organization: University of Washington, Seattle Lines: 24 Message-ID: <652jf0$fal$1@nntp3.u.washington.edu> NNTP-Posting-Host: saul2.u.washington.edu X-Trace: nntp3.u.washington.edu 880070944 15701 (None) 140.142.64.2 X-Complaints-To: help@cac.washington.edu NNTP-Posting-User: roach Hello all, I have updated my "How much of the human genome has been sequenced?" web page. I calculate that we have sequenced 2.68% of the human genome as of November 18, 1997. My page is at: http://weber.u.washington.edu/~roach/human_genome_progress2.html Best Wishes, Jared ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jared C. Roach Department of Molecular Biotechnology Health Sciences Building, Room K354 University of Washington Box 357730 Seattle, WA 98195 phone (206) 616-4536 FAX (206) 685-7301 roach@u.washington.edu http://weber.u.washington.edu/~roach/ From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sat Nov 22 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!fcs280s.ncifcrf.gov!cpk-news-feed4.bbnplanet.com!cpk-news-feed1.bbnplanet.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.bbnplanet.com!news-peer.sprintlink.net!news-pull.sprintlink.net!news-in-east.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!Sprint!199.227.0.16!news.gate.net!not-for-mail From: "TEKTRON-1" Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: CLO2 Exposer Date: Sun, 23 Nov 1997 03:20:39 -0500 Organization: CyberGate, Inc. Lines: 24 Message-ID: <658otd$1qcc$1@news.gate.net> NNTP-Posting-Host: brnga2-5.gate.net X-Newsreader: Microsoft Outlook Express 4.71.1712.3 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V4.71.1712.3 I was Exposed to CLO2 and other chemicals that may be formed in a 3rd stage D-2 Bleaching tower process, I was working on the top clearing away pulp material from the gear box and had to get on my knees to see under the gear box, this was all done to prepare it for painting,the floor was a grating floor and there was some kind of purge or vent pip under me, and at the level I was working the gas was much stronger than when standing, I could taste the chemicals, and complained to employees of the contractor and Stone Container personnel, They all said not to worry it was harmless, it burnt my eyes, mouth, throat, nose, and made my teeth feel like chalk. After my second day on the job I was hospitalized for three days. I now have Lung damage,seizures,sleeping disorder, chemical sensitivity, depression,and more. I never had any of these problems before and no history to assume this, but still Stone is saying they were already there, I just think that they must say this on all injure cases to try to protect them selves. But I would like to get a history on Stone Container injures,and also how many people have had seizures from exposure to these chemicals because Stone's tox. expert is saying that the chemicals could not cause seizures and has also stated that I have had all these problems before with out any proof, I thought that an expert would use an expert process to form an opinion and get a history on me before giving such a invalid opinion, please help me on this. Thanks. From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sun Nov 23 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!fcs280s.ncifcrf.gov!cpk-news-feed4.bbnplanet.com!cpk-news-feed1.bbnplanet.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.bbnplanet.com!newsfeed.direct.ca!newsfeed.wli.net!news.gv.tsc.tdk.com!news.ssi1.com!uunet!not-for-mail From: Binesh Bannerjee Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes,sci.bio.technology Subject: Length of Human DNA. Date: Sun, 23 Nov 1997 21:05:41 -0500 Lines: 41 Message-ID: <3478E0F5.D2A48114@hex21.com> NNTP-Posting-Host: jolt.hex21.com Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.02 [en] (WinNT; I) I realize this may be an idiotic, naive question, so if there is an FAQ somewhere, please let me know... Looked in rtfm didn't find it... Anyhow, I have two questions (just out of curiosity...) I'm not sure if I remember this correctly from way long ago... How many nucleotides are in human DNA? And, is the number of nucleotides in human DNA constant across humans (let's say barring gender differences)... Like is it males have 6 billion 583 million 743 thousand 542 base pairs, and females have 6 billion 672 million 243 thousand 938 base pairs? Is that number close? 6 billion? Or are there much more or much less? I read in a book that there were 200,000 genes in human DNA, and it said 1000 nucleotides per gene, which has to be an approximation, right? Since 3 nucleotides gives you an amino acid, wouldn't the number of nucleotides in a gene have to be evenly divisible by 3? But by that calculation, 200 million base pairs approximately in a human DNA? How do we know that introns are non functional? Introns exist within a gene, right? Not junk outside of start and stop codons, right? Any answers appreciated... Including, well, if you want to know, go take a molecular bio course! Stop pestering us with such trivial questions! It's not something we can explain in a 50 line response! (I'm just a lowly Unix programmer, trying to understand things...) Binesh Bannerjee From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sun Nov 23 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!usenet From: bbruner@uclink4.berkeley.edu (Bob Bruner) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes,sci.bio.technology Subject: Re: Length of Human DNA. Date: Mon, 24 Nov 1997 02:32:23 GMT Organization: University of California, Berkeley Lines: 78 Distribution: inet Message-ID: <3478e660.23941642@agate.berkeley.edu> References: <3478E0F5.D2A48114@hex21.com> NNTP-Posting-Host: bbruner.hip.berkeley.edu X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.1/16.230 On Sun, 23 Nov 1997 21:05:41 -0500, Binesh Bannerjee wrote: > >Anyhow, I have two questions (just out of curiosity...) > >How many nucleotides are in human DNA? About 3 billion base pairs. >And, is the number of nucleotides in human DNA constant across humans >(let's say barring gender differences)... Yes. (other than the inevitable minor differences which would occur due to mutations) >Is that number close? 6 billion? Or are there much more or much less? Well, 3 billion base pairs is 6 billion bases. But the "length" is 3 billion. >I read in a book that there were 200,000 genes in human DNA, and it said >1000 >nucleotides per gene, which has to be an approximation, right? Current estimates are more like 50 to 100,000 genes. But this will be only an estimate until we learn the complete genome sequence -- in 10 years or so. Yes, the number of nucleotides per gene is an approximation, based on some view of the average gene size. And of course, that ignores non-coding sequences, such as the introns that you mention below. >Since 3 >nucleotides >gives you an amino acid, wouldn't the number of nucleotides in a gene >have to be evenly divisible by 3? Yes, again referring only to coding regions. >But by that calculation, 200 million base pairs approximately in a human >DNA? You mean 200,000 genes times 1000 nucleotides per gene seems _much_ less than the genome size??? Yes, indeed. A major portion of the genome is non-coding. This includes the introns, as well as regions between genes. Some of this serves regulatory purposes, but some undoubtedly has no real purpose. For a slow growing organism, such as humans, there is little cost to maintain unneeded DNA. > >How do we know that introns are non functional? The intron RNA generally seems to be degraded. However, this is a generality. In some cases, the intron RNA does have some special function. Further, the presence of the intron within the gene may affect gene function. So we should not generalize that introns are inert. >Introns exist within a >gene, right?Not junk outside of start and stop codons, right? correct. >Any answers appreciated... >Including, well, if you want to know, go take a molecular bio course! Sure, why not! You do sound rather knowledgeable and interested. We do get programmers in Mol Biol courses -- and we need them. Mol Biol is quite dependent on computers. But this is also a good place for questions. bob From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Tue Nov 25 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!bcm.tmc.edu!news.msfc.nasa.gov!europa.clark.net!205.252.116.205!howland.erols.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!news-sea-19.sprintlink.net!news-in-west.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!Sprint!131.216.1.86!news.nevada.edu!news.tamu.edu!sorghum.tamu.edu!user From: ahp2343@bioch.tamu.edu (Andrew H Paterson) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: Postdoctoral Opportunities Date: Tue, 25 Nov 1997 19:49:16 -0500 Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas Lines: 66 Message-ID: NNTP-Posting-Host: sorghum.tamu.edu NNTP-Posting-Date: 26 Nov 1997 01:46:44 GMT POSTDOCTORAL OPPORTUNITIES IN PLANT GENOME ANALYSIS. (Paterson lab -- Texas A&M University) Up to six postdoctoral positions (most are new) are available in areas listed below. The successful candidates will develop and apply new molecular methods to crop plant genomes, using extensive databases of prior information (cf. GENETICS 138:499, 138:829, 141:391; PNAS 92:6127; SCIENCE, 269:1714; NATURE GENETICS 14:380), and existing high-density maps and YAC/BAC libraries. Outstanding candidates are sought for the following projects: (1) Molecular cloning of genes associated with domestication of the cereal crops. Specific targets include Sh-1, which regulates the "shattering" of the mature cereal inflorescence, and Ma-1 which regulates the short-daylength requirement of many tropical grasses for the initiation of flowering. Each has been fine-mapped to small chromosomal intervals using a detailed RFLP map (about 2,000 loci), and chromosome walking has been initiated in a 6.5x BAC library. (2) Fine mapping and molecular cloning of plant genes conferring apomixis (asexual seed production). This work benefits from one of the most simply-inherited and best characterized apomixis systems known, in a Pennisetum taxon that has a modest genome size and high level of DNA polymorphism. The work also benefits from an extensive body of comparative data to other small genome grasses, for which BACs are already in hand, and with established collaboration with a leading forage Pennisetum breeder (M. A. Hussey). (3) Fine mapping and molecular cloning of plant genes conferring insect resistance. This work will benefit from established map positions for several genes conferring resistance to the sorghum greenbug (Schizaphis graminum), as well as a detailed molecular map (about 2,000 RFLP loci) and 6.5x-genome BAC library. Finally, the work benefits from an active and productive collaboration with a leading sorghum entomologist (G. L. Teetes). (4) Unified molecular mapping of higher plant genomes. Development and implementation of new technologies for identifying conservation of gene order across large evolutionary distances (such as across different taxonomic families). (5) Identification of genes that are expressed specifically in particular plant organs, and in response to specific developmental cues. Specific targets include genes that are expressed predominantly in rhizomes (underground stems), and genes that are transcriptionally regulated in coordination with the vegetative-reproductive transition of grasses. (6) Molecular characterization of primary and secondary gene pools, and advanced-backcross QTL introgression in cotton. This work will use a well-established cotton map and microsatellite primers, and is in collaboration with several leading cotton breeders. QUALIFICATIONS: Ph.D. in genetics, molecular biology, microbiology, or allied field, a high level of professional motivation, strong oral and written communication in English, and good interpersonal skills ("team players"). Applicants are especially sought who have experience in analysis of large genomic DNAs, and/or analysis of transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Salary commensurate with experience, competitive benefits. TO APPLY, send full CV, reprints of a sampling of first-authored publications, addresses (preferably email) and phones of at least three professional references to Dr. Andrew Paterson, Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. EMAIL ahp2343@bioch.tamu.edu. Affirmative Action/EOE. From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Wed Nov 26 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!internet!biosci!not-for-mail From: biohelp (BIOSCI Administrator) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: BIOSCI/bionet miniFAQ & Fundraiser Date: 27 Nov 1997 02:00:39 -0800 Organization: BIOSCI International Newsgroups for Molecular Biology Lines: 233 Sender: daemon@net.bio.net Distribution: world Message-ID: <199711271000.CAA07962@net.bio.net> NNTP-Posting-Host: net.bio.net (LAST REVISION: 30-JUL-95) This BIOSCI "miniFAQ" is designed to answer the questions that come up the *most frequently*. The main BIOSCI FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) is accessible on the World Wide Web at URL http://www.bio.net/. If you can not find an answer to your question in this or other documentation, the BIOSCI technical support staff answers e-mail queries sent to biosci-help@net.bio.net We can only answer questions about the use of the newsgroups and mailing lists. We unfortunately do not have the staff to do Internet information searches or answer scientific questions. Please post those to the appropriate BIOSCI/bionet newsgroups. Contents: -------- 0) BIOSCI NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT!! 1) Using the WWW to access the BIOSCI/bionet newsgroups. 2) What to do about "spams," i.e., junk mail, ads, etc. 3) Examples of subscribing and unsubscribing to the mailing lists. 4) The BIOSCI user address and research interest directory. 0) BIOSCI NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT!! ------------------------------ BIOSCI's government funding has been expended, and we are now operating solely from advertising revenue that we have raised from our Web site at http://www.bio.net/. We need just a few minutes of your time to help us serve you. You can do two important things which will take very little time for you individually and will immensely help us continue to help you. First, please use our WWW system at http://www.bio.net/ to access the archives. You can post or reply to messages via your Web browser as described in item #1 below. Your usage helps attract sponsors. If you contact any of our sponsors, please be sure to thank them for supporting BIOSCI. It is critical for them to get this feedback if they are to continue their sponsorship for the long term. Second, if you work for a company or organization that provides products or services of interest to the biology community, please pass this message on to your marketing or marketing communications department or other appropriate group. Please ask them to help support BIOSCI by sponsoring our Web site and explain the uses and benefits of the system to the biology community. If they are interested, they can then contact us for further information at our tech support address, biosci-help@net.bio.net. 1) Using the WWW to access the BIOSCI/bionet newsgroups. -------------------------------------------------------- As of 10 December 1995, all BIOSCI/bionet full newsgroups are accessible through the World Wide Web (WWW) at URL http://www.bio.net. One can read and reply publicly or privately to both recent postings and archived messages through one's Web browser if it is configured properly to send e-mail. Each newsgroup is equipped with its own WAIS index. The main BIOSCI home page also has access to the BIO-JOURNALS Table of Contents database WAIS index and the BIOSCI user address database described in another item further below. 2) What to do about "spams," i.e., junk mail, ads, etc. ------------------------------------------------------- BIOSCI is a set of parallel USENET newsgroups (the "bionet" groups), mailing lists, and a hypermail archive at URL http://www.bio.net/. The same postings are distributed on all media (except for a small number of mailing-list-only groups at net.bio.net). Unfortunately it is becoming a despicable practice on the Internet (by a few people out to make a fast buck) to do automated mass postings to thousands of newsgroups and mailing lists. These attempts to grab free advertising are refered to as "spams" in the usual, somewhat boneheaded, net terminology. USENET is more susceptible to this practice, and many spams originate on the USENET groups and then are passed on to the mailing lists. However, spammers also get lists of mailing addresses and hit these too, so neither medium is immune. What should you do personally if you get junk mail? --------------------------------------------------- Just delete it and move on without reading it further. Filing a protest is becoming increasingly useless because spammers are often disguising the addresses where the messages are sent from. Unless you really understand Internet mail systems, your attempt at protest by sending replies to the message will often end up being sent to the address of an innocent person that the spammer is victimizing. What can BIOSCI/bionet do to protect its newsgroups? ---------------------------------------------------- The only solution currently available is to moderate the newsgroup. If this newsgroup is already moderated, then you are in good shape. Moderation protects the USENET distribution from about 95% of the spams that are being sent to date and protects the mailing lists completely. Moderation means, however, that someone has to take the time to review each message before it goes out. We have set up software here that simply allows the moderator to forward to an address at net.bio.net messages that (s)he wishes to have distributed. This takes no more time than that needed to read the message and pass it on, say about 1 min. per message. Most newsgroups currently have a discussion leader who is responsible for their newsgroup. The discussions leaders and their e-mail addresses are listed in the BIOSCI Information Sheet which is available on the Web at http://www.bio.net/. If a newsgroup is being hit with too many junk postings, please contact the discussion leader for that group and see if there is interest in moderating the group. Please do not assume that by simply posting a complaint to the newsgroup itself, anyone on the BIOSCI staff will act on your complaint. With close to 100 newsgroups to run, the BIOSCI staff has to rely on the discussion leaders of each newsgroup to report problems directly to us at biosci-help@net.bio.net. We will moderate any of our newsgroups if the discussion leader tells us that the readership of the group wishes to do so and if a moderator is willing to do the work. For most BIOSCI/bionet groups, this entails only a few minutes of work each day. Moderating a newsgroup will resolve probably 95% of the junk postings on the USENET distribution. Unfortunately there are easy ways for determined spammers to override the moderation mechanism on USENET, but we can protect our e-mail subscribers from unwanted postings if the newsgroup is moderated. You can also access our newsgroups over the WWW at URL http://www.bio.net. While this Web interface will not stop spammers from trying to post to the groups, this will give you yet another way, besides using USENET news, to keep the junk out of your personal mail files. For those of you with local USENET news systems, the Web interface will also give you faster access to new newsgroups and recent postings. 3) Examples of subscribing and unsubscribing to the mailing lists. ------------------------------------------------------------------ PLEASE NOTE: The BIOSCI management does NOT act on subscription/unsubscription requests that are posted improperly to the newsgroups and mailing lists. People who do this only bother everyone on the lists to no avail. Please be sure to follow the proper procedures below. Gory details are in the BIOSCI Information sheets on the Web at http://www.bio.net. Below we give an example utilizing the METHODS-AND-REAGENTS list at both of our two BIOSCI sites: Users in the Americas and Pacific Rim countries who use the BIOSCI ------------------------------------------------------------------ node at computer net.bio.net: ---------------------------- A) Determine the "listname" which is the <=8 character mail address ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ for the group. These can be found in the BIOSCI Info. Sheet. For the METHODS-AND-REAGENTS group the mailing address is methods@net.bio.net. The listname is the portion of the address to the left of the @ sign, i.e., "methods". The listname is used with the "subscribe" and "unsubscribe" commands illustrated below. B) Mail all commands in the body of a mail message addressed to biosci-server@net.bio.net. Do NOT send commands to the newsgroup posting addresses! Leave the Subject: line blank, any text on it will be ignored. C) In the body of your message put one or more of the following commands with an "end" command on the last line, e.g., subscribe methods unsubscribe methods end Do NOT put your e-mail address or other text on these lines. The server only allows you to cancel your subscription if the address on your mail header matches the address on our mailing list. Please ask for help at biosci-help@net.bio.net if your address has changed, e.g., if you know you are on the list but the server tells you that you are not a member. Users in Europe, Africa, and Central Asia who use the BIOSCI node at -------------------------------------------------------------------- computer daresbury.ac.uk (also known as dl.ac.uk): ------------------------------------------------- To subscribe and unsubscribe to/from the BIOSCI lists, you need to specify the full USENET newsgroup name with "bionet-news." prepended. The USENET newsgroup names are listed in the BIOSCI Information sheet on the Web at http://www.bio.net/. For the METHODS-AND-REAGENTS list the USENET newsgroup name is bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts, thus the appropriate commands are sub bionet-news.bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts unsub bionet-news.bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts These commands are included in a message addressed to mxt@dl.ac.uk, NOT to the newsgroup mailing addresses. As usual, include the text in the body of the message as text on the Subject: line is ignored. To unsubscribe from all the lists at the UK node, use unsub bionet-news Please note that if the address in the list is different than the one in your mail message header, you will not be able to unsubscribe by this method. If you have problems, please mail biosci@daresbury.ac.uk. 4) The BIOSCI user address and research interest directory. ----------------------------------------------------------- Please take this opportunity to add your name, address, and research interest information to the BIOSCI User Address Database if you have not already done so. You can fill out the address form directly through our Web page at URL http://www.bio.net/adrform.html. The address database is reindexed nightly for WWW access (the URL is http://www.bio.net/). If you are not directly on the Internet but can reach it by e-mail, please use our waismail server to access the user directory. waismail use is described above. You can also request a user address form by e-mail from biosci-help@net.bio.net. Please check your database entry from time-to-time to see if your address information is still up-to-date. Because of our limited personnel resources, we ask that you resubmit a *complete* form to revise your entry; we only replace complete entries and do not have resources to edit old forms. From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Wed Nov 26 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!logbridge.uoregon.edu!zdc-e!szdc!newsp.zippo.com!mdrn From: MORTAZAV@NET1CS.modares.ac.ir (S.M.J. Mortazavi) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: I NEDD HELP !! Date: 27 Nov 1997 01:25:11 -0800 Organization: None Lines: 8 Message-ID: <1512C341233@net1cs.modares.ac.ir> NNTP-Posting-Host: SpoolDir Hi All, I want to subscribe bionet.genome.chromosomes . Please write me how can I participate in this newsgroup. Best Wishes S. M. Javad mortazavi Mehrabadi , Ph.D e-mail : mortazav@net1cs.modares.ac.ir From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Fri Nov 28 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!agate!logbridge.uoregon.edu!news.maxwell.syr.edu!uninett.no!news.net.uni-c.dk!news.uni-c.dk!news.uni-c.dk!news.cybercity.dk!not-for-mail From: "Ivan Moller" Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes,sci.bio.technology Subject: Re: Length of Human DNA. Date: 29 Nov 1997 15:00:30 GMT Organization: A poorly-installed InterNetNews site Lines: 33 Message-ID: <01bcfcd7$99e633a0$a28a08c3@default> References: <3478E0F5.D2A48114@hex21.com> NNTP-Posting-Host: msx-05-2-1.1033.cybercity.dk X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1157 > How many nucleotides are in human DNA? > And, is the number of nucleotides in human DNA constant across humans > Is that number close? 6 billion? Or are there much more or much less? > I read in a book that there were 200,000 genes in human DNA, and it said > 1000 nucleotides per gene, which has to be an approximation, right? Since 3 > nucleotides gives you an amino acid, wouldn't the number of nucleotides in a > gene have to be evenly divisible by 3? > > But by that calculation, 200 million base pairs approximately in a human > DNA? The correct size of the human genome is 2.8 bilion base pairs (two nucleotides) Your calculation assumes that the DNA only consists of genes, like pearls on a string, which is not correct. Yes, the number of base pairs that encodes the protein is divisible by 3. > > How do we know that introns are non functional? Introns exist within a > gene, right? All we know is that they don't encode the final protein, as they are spliced out of the messenger RNA, than encodes the protein. > Not junk outside of start and stop codons, right? No, it's inside the start and stop codon. From owner-chromosomes@net.bio.net Sun Nov 30 22:00:00 1997 Path: biosci!GOLD.TC.UMN.EDU!linst003 From: linst003@GOLD.TC.UMN.EDU (Tom Linstroth) Newsgroups: bionet.genome.chromosomes Subject: chromosomes Date: 30 Nov 1997 17:42:20 -0800 Organization: BIOSCI International Newsgroups for Molecular Biology Lines: 6 Sender: daemon@net.bio.net Distribution: world Message-ID: <34813638.2700@gold.tc.umn.edu> NNTP-Posting-Host: net.bio.net I need a list of common organisms with their number of chromosomes to complete a homework assignment. My teacher has asked for 25 different organisms. Will some kind person please help direct me to a source of reference as everything I have seen on the net is too technical. Thanks JBL