From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  1 05:05:29 2000
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From: chuck5566@aol.com (Chuck 5566)
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Subject: Need to ID and Kill Weed
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[Sending this to bionet.plants.  If there's a more appropriate group, by all
means let me know.]

Can anyone ID this weed and let me know what's commercially available to kill
it?  It has overrun our front yard.

http://members.aol.com/chuck5566/p0000386.jpg
http://members.aol.com/chuck5566/p0000387.jpg
http://members.aol.com/chuck5566/p0000388.jpg

We had a lawn service 'til they told us, "You have this weed and we can't kill
it."

Thanks.


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  1 05:27:57 2000
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From: Roger Whitehead <rgw@office-futures.com>
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In article <20000301000516.01274.00001180@ng-dd1.aol.com>, Chuck 5566 
wrote:
> Can anyone ID this weed

It looks like what in Britain is called Red Dead-Nettle and, in the USA 
(where I assume you are), Purple Dead-Nettle. The scientific name is 
Lamium purpureum.

I've no idea how you can get rid of it; it's not a problem plant over 
here.

Regards,
 
Roger
 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 
Roger Whitehead,
Oxted, Surrey, England



From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  1 10:54:08 2000
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From: Peter Schols <peter.schols@student.kuleuven.ac.be>
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Subject: New biodiversity website
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Hi,

We are proud to present the new website of the Laboratory of Plant
Systematics at http://surf.to/biodiversity
See you there!

Peter



From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  1 16:05:25 2000
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From: Monique Reed <monique@mail.bio.tamu.edu>
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Subject: Re: Need to ID and Kill Weed
Date: Wed, 01 Mar 2000 09:57:44 -0600
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If it's Lamium, you have a chance.  It's an annual, so hand-pulling or
mowing before it sets any seed at all will reduce how much you have
next year.  Just keep after it.  Also, any weed-killer that is labeled
for broad-leaved weeds in turf ought to take some of the fight out of
it.

Monique Reed

Roger Whitehead wrote:

> It looks like what in Britain is called Red Dead-Nettle and, in the USA
> (where I assume you are), Purple Dead-Nettle. The scientific name is
> Lamium purpureum.


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  1 18:25:58 2000
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In article <38BD3DF8.8E42FA71@mail.bio.tamu.edu>, Monique Reed wrote:
> Also, any weed-killer that is labeled
> for broad-leaved weeds in turf ought to take some of the fight out of
> it.

Given a choice between a lawn of grass and a lawn of labiates, I know 
which one I'd go for!  8-)

Regards,
 
Roger
 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 
Roger Whitehead,
Oxted, Surrey, England



From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  1 18:30:46 2000
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From: Acorn <oakwood@forest.net>
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dead nettle, pull it or hoe it as it flowers, this will reduce seeding
as suggested. If only I had weeds that easy to deal with, try an acre of
bindweed for a laugh.


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  2 12:47:08 2000
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From: "Andrew Kenneth Fletcher" <gravitystudy@hotmail.com>
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From:  Sci.bio.botany
Kaywan J. <notavailable@notavailable.na> wrote in message
news:38BCB5BC.3691B21E@notavailable.na...
> Hi. I think the cohesion-tension theory can be summed up as follows. The
> pressure differential between the air and the stomata on the leaf causes a
net
> flow of water molecules into the atmosphere. The dipoles on H2O create
> electrostatic interactions that connect neighboring water molecules and
also
> connect water molecules to the cell walls. This combination of cohesion
and
> adhesion creates a continuity of water throughout the plant. The net
result is
> a continous flow of water moving up from the roots into the atmosphere as
> evaporated water is replaced by the neighboring molecules that were
previously
> clinging.
>
> However, your idea on the differences of water potential due to solute
> concentrations is very interesting but suspiciously sounds like bulk-flow.
It
> doesn't seem likely that the lignified cell walls of xylem will facilitate
this
> flow because of their lack of elasticity; it is, IMHO, the elasticity of
phloem
> tissues that contribute greatly to the bulk-flow. Without the hydrostatic
> forces to push the water upwards your mechanism seems inefficient. While
the
> minerals may move up the water may not necessarily follow! (True?)
>

The flow rates experimentally have shown bulk flow in excess of that found
in trees.

A loop of water filled tubing was raised vertically at the centre to a
height of seventy eight feet. A small amount of salt solution was added at
the centre of the tube and both open ends of the tube were placed at the
bottom of two glass water filled bottles prior to raising the centre of the
tube.
Water flowed out of one bottle, while the level of the water in the other
bottle was observed to fall. The flow rate was observed to be very
efficient, and comparible with the fall of the saline solution, under the
influence of gravity.




> A fellow student of mine whose name I've not been told once suggested that
> oxygen dissolves into the water and this creates a pressure differential
which
> presumably would increase the rate of flow out. Perhaps the flow is really
a
> combination of mechanisms with one (the cohesion-tension hypothesis)
> dominating. Anyway, this idea about the oxygen would also in my opinion
require
> elasticity. But I don't have very many facts to work with.
>
>
> Kaywan J.
>
>
> Andrew Kenneth Fletcher wrote:
>
> > Hi Mathew
> >
> > I included the text from GCSE Biol in order to illustrate accepted
theory.
> > If we make this too complicated from the onset, it is more likely to be
> > missed or skipped.
> >
> > Would you be so kind as to sum-up the cohesion-tension theory for people
who
> > may want to follow this thread.
> >
> > I have an interesting theory of my own about the way trees and plants
lift
> > water. It also relies on some aspects of cohesion.
> >
> > The theory is very simple. Evaporation from the leaves, concentrates the
> > liquid in the leaf. Gravity then pulls the concentrated liquid down the
> > tree, which in turn draws more dilute sap up the tree.
> > This simple flow and return system, is an inevitable consequence of what
is
> > in effect, distilled water leaving a liquid which contains minerals, or
> > anything that is heavier than water.
> >
> > Matthew J. Linton <linton@botany.uga.edu> wrote in message
> > news:89gli8$5n9$1@cronkite.cc.uga.edu...
> > > If you find that "the accepted explanations for fluid transport [are]
> > > somewhat confusing," perhaps you should do additional reading in the
> > field.
> > > The theory of water transport, which is called "the cohesion-tension
> > > theory," is well described in a number of textbooks, the best of which
> > might
> > > be "Plant Physiology" by Frank B. Salisbury and Cleon W. Ross.  Your
local
> > > college or university library probably has a copy of it.  The text
that
> > you
> > > included is VERY POOR at describing xylem and phloem transport,
osmosis,
> > and
> > > root pressure.  There are alternative theories for water transport,
> > notably
> > > one by M.J. Canny 1995 "NEW THEORY FOR THE ASCENT OF SAP-COHESION
> > SUPPORTED
> > > BY TISSUE PRESSURE" Annals Of Botany 75(4):343-357, but this theory
really
> > > hasn't survived a number of follow-up research studies, including
articles
> > > in Nature (378:715-716) and Science (270: 1193-1194).  Although it is
> > > healthy for one to question established theories in science, you can't
> > just
> > > disregard decades and decades of careful research by hundreds of
> > scientists
> > > just because "the accepted explanations...are somewhat confusing."
> > > Good luck in your quest.
> > >
> > > Matthew J. Linton
> > >
> > >
>



From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  2 13:09:02 2000
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From: kbonnici@ivory.trentu.ca
Subject: Re: Need to ID and Kill Weed
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Ha ha ha! We've got close to an acre of that at work, in an area slated for a 
prairie planting. Have you had any success in trying to control it? In our
manicured gardens we find that pulling new growth as it appears is effective in
keeping the problem manageable, but this obviously isnt a possibility for
really large areas.

Do we have to just wait until its alleleotoxins force it into suicide?

Kellie

In article <38BD61F7.399B@forest.net>, Acorn <oakwood@forest.net> writes:
>dead nettle, pull it or hoe it as it flowers, this will reduce seeding
>as suggested. If only I had weeds that easy to deal with, try an acre of
>bindweed for a laugh.


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  2 18:52:08 2000
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From: rgulley104@aol.com (RGulley104)
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The easiest way to remove sooty mold is to spray the tree with horticultural
oil - wait 24 hours- hose off - and repeat as needed.  Don't use oil if the
temps are going to drop below freezing.

bob


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Its plain old Lamium purpureum. It should be no problem getting rid of it
with plain old "weed and feed" lawn fertilizer.

Was it you lawn service couldn't get rid of it or didn't want to try?

"Chuck 5566" <chuck5566@aol.com> wrote in message
news:20000301000516.01274.00001180@ng-dd1.aol.com...
> [Sending this to bionet.plants.  If there's a more appropriate group, by
all
> means let me know.]
>
> Can anyone ID this weed and let me know what's commercially available to
kill
> it?  It has overrun our front yard.
>
> http://members.aol.com/chuck5566/p0000386.jpg
> http://members.aol.com/chuck5566/p0000387.jpg
> http://members.aol.com/chuck5566/p0000388.jpg
>
> We had a lawn service 'til they told us, "You have this weed and we can't
kill
> it."
>
> Thanks.




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  2 21:12:28 2000
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Can anyone help? If you can I would be most grateful.

I am seeking answers to three questions

1. To what extent did the yield per acre of N. American cereal production
increase following the introduction of selective herbicides in the 1950's?

2. What is the present contribution of N.American cereal production to world
food requirements?

3. Are world food reserves still about 40% of annual production and has this
changed appreciably over the last 50 years?

very many thanks

David

>From David Alan Walker, FRS.,  Emeritus Professor of Photosynthesis,
University of Sheffield, UK

 http://www.daw.exl.co.uk/


---


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Fri Mar  3 11:55:09 2000
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Looks like purple deadnettle (Lamium purpurem) to me.  Does it smell
strongly when the leaves are crushed?  I would have thought  a decent
concoction of 24D + ioxynil would do the job.  Roundup (gylphosate) and
paraquat are both not very effective on Lamium.

Phil


------------------------------------
Electronic Atlas of Weeds and Invasive Plants

http://w3.to/weeds/

-----------------------------------------------
Chuck 5566 wrote in message
<20000301000516.01274.00001180@ng-dd1.aol.com>...
>[Sending this to bionet.plants.  If there's a more appropriate group, by
all
>means let me know.]
>
>Can anyone ID this weed and let me know what's commercially available to
kill
>it?  It has overrun our front yard.
>
>http://members.aol.com/chuck5566/p0000386.jpg
>http://members.aol.com/chuck5566/p0000387.jpg
>http://members.aol.com/chuck5566/p0000388.jpg
>
>We had a lawn service 'til they told us, "You have this weed and we can't
kill
>it."
>
>Thanks.




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Fri Mar  3 19:57:00 2000
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From: bae@cs.toronto.edu (Beverly Erlebacher)
Subject: Re: Need to ID and Kill Weed
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In article <38BD3DF8.8E42FA71@mail.bio.tamu.edu>,
Monique Reed  <monique@mail.bio.tamu.edu> wrote:
>If it's Lamium, you have a chance.  It's an annual, so hand-pulling or
>mowing before it sets any seed at all will reduce how much you have
>next year.  Just keep after it.  Also, any weed-killer that is labeled
>for broad-leaved weeds in turf ought to take some of the fight out of it.

Several forms of Lamium are sold as perennials up here in southern Ontario.

I'd suggest you start the lawn from scratch, and improve the soil conditions
so that grass will be favored over mints.  Is your soil heavy and compacted?
Wet? Shaded? Mint heaven.  If you don't change the cause, it's only a matter
of time before the problem comes back.

I've got the mint Glechoma hederacea here, and it only overruns the lawn area
that has heavy, compacted soil.  I've heard that it is much more susceptible
to boron toxicity than most plants, and that applications of borax can control
it, but haven't tried it.  I don't know if this is a quirk of this particular
species or applies to other mint family members.

Btw, if the stuff grows all that well for you, why not go with it and just
have a mint lawn?  Mow it and it will stay low.  Otherwise, ignore it.  Very
inexpensive and ecological.



From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Fri Mar  3 20:05:33 2000
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In article <Fqsp21.F3v.A.ebony@news.trentu.ca>,
 <kbonnici@ivory.trentu.ca> wrote:
>
>Ha ha ha! We've got close to an acre of that at work, in an area slated for a 
>prairie planting. Have you had any success in trying to control it? In our
>manicured gardens we find that pulling new growth as it appears is effective in
>keeping the problem manageable, but this obviously isnt a possibility for
>really large areas.
>
>Do we have to just wait until its alleleotoxins force it into suicide?

My guess is that it's either cringe and use Roundup repeatedly, or cultivate
repeatedly for a year or more, or smother it with green manures.  Most 
prairie establishment texts advocate Roundup (glyphosate).  Once the prairie
gets established, it should crowd out the weeds, but if you don't get the
weeds out at the start, they will crowd out the prairie.

Many bindweeds have large, deeply buried storage organs and can take a lot
of abuse for a long time before they exhaust them.  Meanwhile, they clamber
over and outcompete everything else.




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From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Fri Mar  3 23:18:20 2000
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From: "Andrew Kenneth Fletcher" <gravitystudy@hotmail.com>
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Herald Express, July 6, 1995, page 19.   (local paper in Torbay, Devon)
Main Heading
Eureka!

Picture headers, text and pictures removed.

A Revolutionary breakthrough claimed by a Paignton man is to be investigated
by top scientists.
Ideas man Andrew K Fletcher claims he has disproved a fundamental law of
physics dating back to the 17th century.
And impressed by the historic experiment at Overgang cliff, Brixham, to
raise water 78 feet without the support of any artificial aids,
John Hunt, Senior forestry Officer for Devon and Somerset who witnessed the
experiment's success last Friday said: 'It was quite impressive.

The rule that water will only rise 32 feet under atmospheric pressure when
in a column was effectively disproved."

But Mr Hunt explained that he is a professional forester not a scientist and
a report on the experiment would be sent to the Forestry commission 's Alice
Holt Research Station,
near Farnham in Surrey, for further investigation.
Mr Fletcher's experiment involves a long water filled plastic tube, strung
up the cliffside with both open ends placed in two filled demijohns.
A small amount of a salt solution is added at the top of the tube
before it is completely filled with water, this acts as a liquid pulley says
Mr Fletcher, lifting water from one demijohn to the other, thereby
disproving Torriceli's 17th century law.
This explains how trees can raise water to their tops beyond the 32 feet
limit."
said an ecstatic Mr Fletcher. He believes that the discovery also suggests a
mechanism by which all life on earth has evolved from the ground.

    Sub Heading in bold.
 Cliff experiment pulls plug on 300 year old law of physics

Andrew Kenneth Fletcher <gravitystudy@hotmail.com> wrote in message
news:89lltk$3mm$8@newsg3.svr.pol.co.uk...



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From: Acorn <oakwood@forest.net>
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Frost knocks it back, pigs might eat it all,mowing and grazing would
prepare for planting...I dont use sprays, perhaps bindweed is my karma
for trying to be organic!


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sat Mar  4 01:27:03 2000
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From: "AH" <cahmun@mandinga52.freeserve.co.uk>
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Hi
I'm looking for pictures of bromeliads and associated fauna, such as
hummingbrids/frogs etc.
Does anyone have any pictures like this?
Thanks

Alex




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Recently, the city of Manchester, NH has begun the
construction of a Riverwalk along the east bank of
the Merrimack River. The progress to date can be
seen on "The Manchester NH Urban Open Space
Website" - http://www.mv.com/ipusers/env/

In the past, wildflowers have flourished in this
area  which was not used for any particular purpose.
Comments and suggestions are welcomed regarding
the appropriateness of purposeful planting of
wildflowers. The educational value that may be
derived from these plants, as shown on the website,
is one consideration.



From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sat Mar  4 02:44:16 2000
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From: "Yoonki" <yoonki@vassl.com>
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Subject: Tropical Plants
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Living in Thailand, I take pictures of tropical plants around, which I put
to web pages - Tropical Garden.
Now covering over 40 species - not that much but each has many hi-resolution
pictures.
Try

http://www.vassl.com/tropicalgarden.htm





From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sat Mar  4 06:12:56 2000
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From: vickery@mpx.com.au (Bob Vickery)
Subject: Re: How does water really reach the leaves of trees?
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In article <89f3bb$s0a$3@newsg1.svr.pol.co.uk>,
"Andrew Kenneth Fletcher" <gravitystudy@hotmail.com> wrote:

>Hi everyone
>
>Could we re-open this topic for discussion? I feel I have something new to
>add to this field and wander if others find the accepted explanations for
>fluid transport somewhat confusing.
>
>Has anyone developed a working model which demonstrates a lift of water
>higher that the 10 metre limit set down in the physics literature some three
>hundred years ago.
>

Not as such.  You would have to take a capillary tube full of water and
draw it out to a vertical height greater than 10 m.  The capillary would
have to be strong enough not to collapse inward under the tension generated
by the column of water.  It would also have to  be permeable to water to
allow evaporation at the top and entry of water at the bottom.  This can't
be done with synthetic materials.

What can be done is to measure the strength of water.  Plant physiology
texts describe experiments to do this.  It turns out that columns of water
in capillary tubes are strong enough to be pulled up tall trees. 
Calculations based on surface tension also show that water columns should
be very strong.


>I have read about osmosis, capillary action and root pressure, but find them
>lacking in scientific validity.
>

These phenomena are not enough to explain the ascent of sap.  The theories
behind them are valid enough, it is just that they are not relevant to
explaining how sap gets up tall trees.  Some text books are pretty
misleading on these topics.  The one you quote ( GCSE BIOLOGY, D.G.
Mackean. ISBN 0-7195-4281-2 first published in 1986.)  seems pretty
accurate.  


>Has anyone heard of alternative theories and if so could you provide us with
>the location to start this thread.

No.


Cheers




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Subject: Re: How does water really reach the leaves of trees?
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In article <89hhp6$ht0$1@news7.svr.pol.co.uk>,
"Andrew Kenneth Fletcher" <gravitystudy@hotmail.com> wrote:

>I have an interesting theory of my own about the way trees and plants lift
>water. It also relies on some aspects of cohesion.
>
>The theory is very simple. Evaporation from the leaves, concentrates the
>liquid in the leaf. Gravity then pulls the concentrated liquid down the
>tree, which in turn draws more dilute sap up the tree.
>This simple flow and return system, is an inevitable consequence of what is
>in effect, distilled water leaving a liquid which contains minerals, or
>anything that is heavier than water.

Concentration of sap in the leaves is an interesting effect.  It is a very
severe problem for mangroves living in sea water.  Some of them actively
excrete the excess salt.  However,  I don't think it could contribute
significantly to the movement of sap.

1) If the salt gets too concentrated, the leaf tissues will die.  This can
be observed after a period of high wind.  For the sake of argument, the
maximum concentration of sap could be about that of sea water which has a
relative density of 1.025.  So a column of seawater 10 m high could balance
a column of sap about 10.25 m high.  This is not enough to explain water
movement in trees up to 30 m high.

2) Tracking with dyes has never shown downward movement of water in xylem. 

3)  In the smallest leaf veins there is only one xylem vessel.  Movement
would have to be up and down in one vessel.

Cheers





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BBBBB    EEEEEE   NN   N             ISSN 1188-603X
BB   B   EE       NNN  N             
BBBBB    EEEEE    NN N N             BOTANICAL
BB   B   EE       NN  NN             ELECTRONIC
BBBBB    EEEEEE   NN   N             NEWS

No. 242                              March 4, 2000

aceska@victoria.tc.ca                Victoria, B.C.
-----------------------------------------------------------
 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2
-----------------------------------------------------------

                     DORIS LOVE (1918-2000)

Doris  Love,  born  in  Kristianstad,  Sweden,  January 2, 1918,
passed away February 25, 2000. She was preceded in death by  her
husband,  Askell in 1994. Dr. Love grew up in Sweden and met her
husband Askell at the University of Lund while they both studied
botany and plant genetics under Dr. Arne Muntzing. Her  doctoral
work  was on the sexuality of Melandrium. They both earned their
Ph.D.'s and Doctor of Science degrees and for  many  years  col-
laborated  on  research  and books that even now are regarded as
groundbreaking in their fields.

After completing their degrees  they  moved  to  Iceland,  where
Askell  taught  at  the University of Iceland, and they both did
research. In 1951 the family moved to Winnipeg, where they  both
taught  at  the  University  of  Manitoba while still continuing
their scientific research.  In  1955  they  moved  to  Montreal,
teaching  at  the University of Montreal. Students came from all
over the world to study with them, both for doctoral degrees and
post-doctoral studies. Many of these students have  gone  on  to
successful  careers  in their own rights. While in Montreal they
organized a conference on North Atlantic Biota and Its  History,
which  promoted  the  theory of continental drift and its effect
upon the biogeography of the North Atlantic  region,  a  revolu-
tionary idea at the time. The conference was held in Iceland and
funded by NATO.

In  1964  they  moved  to  Boulder to teach at the University of
Colorado. Due to university policies, Doris could not  be  hired
with her husband although she continued to collaborate with him.
She started a second career as a translator for several agencies
in  Boulder. She spent two summers in Ljubljana, Slovenia, work-
ing with Askell on a computer-generated chromosome list  of  the
flora  of  Slovenia.  In  1974  her  husband was forced from his
position as a full professor at the University, and  they  relo-
cated to San Jose, California, to be closer to their family.

Doris  once again took up her new career, translating from about
twelve different languages in the Silicon Valley area through an
agency and on her own. Among others, she translated two books by
N. I. Vavilov, a scientist who was imprisoned by Stalin for  his
scientific  principles,  and  for this she received a medal from
the  Vavilov  Society.  She  continued  to  work  until  failing
eyesight prevented it.

Doris  wrote many papers jointly with Askell, and her own bibli-
ography contains 52 titles. The last  big  works  she  published
were  translations  from  the Russian of two of Vavilov's books:
"Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants" in 1973,  and  "Five
Continents" in 1997.

She  kept  in touch with her old students and was always willing
to welcome them to her home. She will be much missed by all  who
knew and loved her. In lieu of flowers, donations in her name to
Habitat for Humanity would be appreciated.

[This   obituary  was  written  by  Doris  Love's  daughter  Loa
Kaersvang with a few additions  by  Bill  Weber.  Dr.  Weber  is
preparing  Doris Love's bibliography and obituary for Taxon. His
article on Askell Love with Askell Love's bibliography  appeared
in  Acta  Botanica  Islandica  12(1995):3-34. See BEN # 139 from
June 22, 1996. - AC]


BRYORIA WORKSHOP - WELLS GRAY - BRITISH COLUMBIA - MARCH 2000
From: Trevor Goward <tgoward@mail.wellsgray.net>

A four-day Field Workshop on the ECOLOGY OF  FORAGE  LICHENS  in
   the ESSF (Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir) Biogeoclimatic Zone

Instructor: Trevor Goward
Host: Wells Gray Backcountry Chalets
Place: Fight Lake Chalet (1900m, ESSF parkland)
Transportation:  by  helicopter from the Wells Gray Ranch, 28 km
   north of Clearwater
Dates: 20-23 March 2000
Enrollment: Limited to 11 participants (two spaces remaining!)
Cost: $520.00 CAN
 -  includes helicopter fees, chalet  rental,  tranceivers,  and
       all taxes,
 -  does not include food, skis, ski boots, ski poles, etc.

This  field  workshop  is  open to caribou biologists, ecosystem
specialists, forest industry representatives, resource managers,
and other interested persons. Participants will be introduced to
the taxonomy and field ecology of  Bryoria  and  other  arboreal
forage  lichens used by mountain caribou. Alternative strategies
for the management of caribou winter habitat in ESSF  ecosystems
will  be  discussed,  and  simple  techniques for assessing hair
lichen abundance will be presented.

To  register,  contact  Trevor   Goward   at   250-674-2553   or
tgoward@wellsgray.net. Registration is confirmed upon receipt of
fees in full.

Make  cheques  payable  to:  Wells  Gray  Chalets (Note: cheques
   only!)
Send cheques to: 
Wells Gray Chalets, Box 188,  Clearwater,  B.C. V0E 1N0 
Deadline for receipt of fees: 9 March 2000

For more information, call Trevor Goward at 250-674-2553.


NEW BOOK: CANADIAN MEDICINAL CROPS
From: Adolf Ceska <aceska@victoria.tc.ca>

Small,  E.  &  P.M. Catling. 1999. Canadian medicinal crops. NRC
   Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 240 p. ISBN  0-660-17534-7
   [softcover] 
   Price: $29.95 (CDN$ + 7% GST in Canada, US$ outside)

   Ordering + information:
   Monograph Orders, NRC Research-Press, M-55, National
   Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada
   Phone: 613-990-2254  Fax: 613-952-7656
   E-mail: research.journals@nrc.ca
   Web URL: http://www.nrc.ca/cisti/journals/mgraphs.html

   In the U.S.A. distributed by:
   Accents Publications Service, Inc., #203 721 Ellsworth Drive
   Silver Spring, MD  20910-4436 USA
   Tel.: 301-588-5496  Fax 301-588-5249
   e-mail: accents@access.digex.com

The  core  of  this  publication  is  a  set  of  25 chapters on
medicinal plants that are either used, or have the potential  to
be, commercially profitable, such as ginseng, echinacea, Pacific
yew,  cascara, etc. Each chapter covers all botanical, biochemi-
cal, medicinal and ethnobotanical aspects of the treated species
or in some chapters, a group of species. Each  chapter  gives  a
large  number  of references and in addition, a long list of web
sites. Each chapter is illustrated with a 19th century painting,
one or more line drawings and a distribution map. General  chap-
ters  that  form about one third of the book deal with medicinal
cautions  of  using  herbal  medicines,  business   aspects   of
medicinal plants, regional review of medicinal plants in Canada,
and include a list of Canadian medical plant experts, a glossary
of medicinal terms, general references and additional useful web
sites.

This book is the third in a series of books on Canadian economi-
cal  plants  published by the NRC Press. Those include "Culinary
herbs" (see BEN # 180) and "Vegetables of Canada" (BEN  #  183).
"Medicinal  plants"  is the best of this series. The information
is well presented and the writing does  not  suffer  from  "form
writing"  that  is  obvious  especially  in  the  "Vegetables of
Canada." The book is well produced and the price is  reasonable.
I  was  irritated that the authors used the masculine gender for
Rhamnus and claimed that this was in accordance with the  Inter-
national  Code of Botanical Nomenclature, when the ICBN actually
dictates the use of feminine gender for Rhamnus (Art. 62, Ex 1):
"... Rhamnus L. is feminine,  despite  the  fact  that  Linnaeus
assigned it masculine gender." Hence Rhamnus purshiana - and NOT
"purshianus" - is correct.

The   French   Edition   entitled   "Les   cultures  medicinales
canadiennes"  will  be  available  in  early  March.  Also,  the
electronic edition of both language versions should be available
in  pdf  and HTML formats in March. With the wealth of web sites
cited here it will facilitate exciting internet browsing, but  I
believe  that  the  electronic  version cannot replace the "hard
copy" book.

Authors and the publisher should be congratulated for a job well
done!


NEW BOOK: BIOGRAPHY OF THE AMERICAN COCKERELL [cf. BEN # 231]

The book, The American Cockerell:  A  Naturalist's  Life,  1866-
1948, is out, but the addreess of the shipper is different.

Orders should go to University Press of Colorado, C/O  Univ.  of
Oklahoma  Press,  4100 28th Ave. NW, Norman OK 73069-8218. Phone
800-627-8218; FAX 800-735-0476.

Pieced  together  from  T.D.A.'s  little-known  autobiographical
writings,  Dr.  W.  A.  Weber's  book  "The  American Cockerell"
demonstrates this extraordinary individual's breadth  of  inter-
est,  competence,  and  talent. It will be of interest to scien-
tists and lay readers alike. Most of the papers originally  were
written for young students and the public; his insights into the
future  problems  facing  education  especially  in America were
prophetic.


BRITISH COLUMBIA BIODIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS
From: Evelyn Hamilton <Evelyn.Hamilton@gems8.gov.bc.ca>

The  Biodiversity  Publications  Catalogue  is  a  report   that
describe  over  500  brochures,  short summaries, books, and in-
depth reports that  provide  essential  information  on  how  to
conserve  biodiversity  in  British  Columbia. It provides a one
stop spot that brings together a wealth of written material.

Publications listed include the colourful series  on  Ecosystems
of B.C., Plants of Southern Interior B.C. and Backyard Biodiver-
sity  designed  for  public interest groups, school teachers and
students interested in learning more about their local  environ-
ment.  Some  publications,  such as Rare Vascular Plants of B.C.
provide in-depth  information  for  interested  lay  people  and
professionals  who  want  to  be identify species at risk. Other
publications are technical documents essential for professionals
to inventory BC biodiversity and assess the impacts  of  forest,
wildlife,  and range management practices. These include Lichens
of British Columbia  and  Conservation  Biology  Principles  for
Forested Landscapes.

The  1997  Biodiversity  Publications Catalogue can be viewed at
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/mr/mr086.htm.  The   1999
Supplement  lists  publications  produced  after  1997 and is at
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/mr/mr086r1.htm.   Some of
the publications can be viewed, downloaded, and  printed  at  no
cost from the web site.

You  can order the Catalogues and many biodiversity publications
listed  in  them   through   the   Queen's   Printer's   website
http://www.publications.gov.bc.ca  or  phone 800-663-6105. Other
reports listed in the  Catalogues  can  be  ordered  from  Crown
Publications: http://www.crownpub.bc.ca  or phone 250-386-4636

For  more information contact Evelyn Hamilton at 250-387-3650 or
via e-mail at Evelyn.Hamilton@gems8.gov.bc.ca .
Visit the Ministry of Forests Research Branch web site
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/research

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subscriptions: Send "subscribe BEN-L" or "unsubscribe BEN-L"
   (no apostrophes) to  majordomo@victoria.tc.ca
Send submissions to BEN-L@victoria.tc.ca
BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/
________________________________________________________________



---


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sat Mar  4 16:24:53 2000
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Date: Sat, 4 Mar 2000 16:21:54 -0000
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best site to plant coxs apple tree
jean@djdarby.fsnet.co.uk




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sat Mar  4 23:04:04 2000
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From: maderae@box43.gnet.pl (Ewa)
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Hi,

I'm seeking for some informations about Dionea muscipula and other
plants, that catch insects.
I'd be grateful for some links.
-- 
Ewa


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From: "Scott Mcphee" <hyphae@email.msn.com>
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These are the best two that I know of:

http://www.californiacarnivores.com/

http://www.sarracenia.com/faq.html

Regards,

Scott


Ewa wrote in message <38db8d86.13603876@news.tpnet.pl>...
>Hi,
>
>I'm seeking for some informations about Dionea muscipula and other
>plants, that catch insects.
>I'd be grateful for some links.
>--
>Ewa




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sun Mar  5 03:48:08 2000
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From: "Andrew Kenneth Fletcher" <gravitystudy@hotmail.com>
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Hello Hemetis

Thank you for your response to my posts and for your recognition of the
importance of the experiments. The theory I sent to you was written for
level 4 science and I was limited to 3000 words.
Given the limitations, I think I did a good job of clarifying the main
points of the theory. However it represents only a minute fraction of the
whole picture.
----- Original Message -----
From: Hemetis
To: AndrewKenneth Fletcher
Sent: Saturday, March 04, 2000 2:51 AM
Subject: RE: NEW THEORY FOR FLUID TRANSPORT Re: How does water really reach
the tops of trees?08/August/1999


Hi Andrew :-)

You have the honor of being a true scientist and experimentalist.
Yet you have to answer for some big questions.
1- You have to explain the results of "Strasburger 1893" who killed the
lower part of an Oak with picric acid and demonstrated that "all" the stem
raised a "Fuchsin aquatic solution".

****
I am not familiar with the above mentioned experiment and would appreciate
more details.

Acid rain causes the death of many trees. Has anyone considered the fact
that an increase in acid will cause an increase in the rate at which
minerals are dissolved. For instance, if I pour battery  acid on concrete,
it dissolves!

If you increase the amount of minerals in water, you increase the specific
gravity of said water. When you relate this to the Brixham Exp. Any increase
in the S.G. of the water contained in the upward flowing side of the tube
will reduce the flow in the downside!

If the water at the said container becomes too heavy, the experiment would
stop or at least slow down to the point of almost stopping. The tree would
face the same problems according to the gravity theory. However, if the
weather conditions promoted accelerated evaporation from the leaves, this
would compensate for the heavier water at the root and transport would
continue.

Killing the bottom part of the tree would not cause the circulation to stop,
it would not even prevent the tree from drawing water from the soil.
The xylem is after all already dead and the downward flow would simply find
another route, possibly into a xylem, or by oozing from a damaged part of
the tree.




2- There is an established "Cohesion theory" which explains most of your
theory and you have to show what is the difference.

****
I am unaware of anyone showing water flowing vertically up to 78 feet.

Correct me if I am wrong, but cohesion simply explains how water bonds to
water. I fail to see how this could explain bulk flow vertically up or down.

As for chemical reactions at the leaf causing electrical influences on water
and then effectively transporting a hundred gallons of water from the roots
of a mature oak to the leaves, just does not work for me. If it has been
shown experimentally, I will swim the ocean and shake your hand tomorrow.

Once you have observed water flowing in tubes, and I sincerely hope you will
try at least the benchtop model, you cannot deny the existence of gravity
driven circulation! The efficiency of this system sets it aside from all
other attempts to explain fluid transport.

Since 1994, I have convinced many scientists, including Professor Edzard
Ernst at Exeter together with three doctors, Professor Michel Cabanac,
University Laval, Quebec. Professor H.T.Hammel. Emeritus member of the Max
Planck Instiute, Dr David Cutler, Kew Gardens, Forestry Commission
Scientists- who also attended the Brixham Exp. Professor Chui Exeter
University. and many many more. Yet nothing happens. I also know the reasons
why nothing happens!

3- If "salt solution" must "fall under gravitation to pull a water column up
and that is how the plant "feeds", how can you explain water circulation in
horizontal plants being so ordered as xylem feeding forward and phloem
feeding backward?

Horizontal flow? If I lay a water filled tube horizontally, with salt
solution added at the middle of the tube and the ends capped off, there
would be water transport spreading outwards from both sides of the saline
solution, and in order for this to happen, clean water would be drawn
towards the centre of the salt solution.

Even horizontal plants are elevated to some degree above ground level and
roots are usually below the surface of the soil. this is all that is
required to trigger transport.

4- How do you explain the homogeneity of climbing plants when they make a
down turn following the light- intensity?

The energy source in the soft part of plants would alter the pressures in
the xylem and phloem on one side of the stem, causing the plant to turn
towards the energy source.

Imagine a length of string attached to the trunk and running through soft
new growth in a tree. Give the string a pull and the branch is bent towards
which ever side the string is inserted.


5- In some ground plants the stem grows horizontally on the ground and we
can see multiple root systems along the stem and multiple shoot systems as
well, How do you explain the sap streams in such a plant, where all roots
absorb water and all shoots transpire. What is the direction of the flow?
where does your theory fit?
Do you think it is bidirectional? Or do you have to admit that the dead duct
network provides the path to the living parts, where one would push and
another would pull "on demand" and on cell to cell interactions.

The new shoots and roots would set up an independent flow system, which uses
the main flow systems water to operate. Take a cutting and it grows
independently to the plant it is cut from.

The roots on such a plant face down and the leaves point up.


So, yes your experiment is a wonderful verification for the Cohesion theory
which explains the minimum requirement of energy for water transport in a
living plant, where mineral and sugar diffusion from production line to
assembly of polymers locations would pull the associated water along with it
and must be replaced "Cohesively".

6- In many houses we have hanging pots for plant decoration in which plants
"hang down from the pot.
Do you have the slightest doubt that water in xylem is moving down and water
in phloem is moving up?
This should disprove your theory completely.

You can't disprove the truth! You can cloud its validity with words, but
clouds have a nasty habit of letting the light through at times.

Oh boy, do I have some doubts.

If  I shaped my tube loop to the exact shape of the plant you refer to and
released the saline solution at the same point as the leaves would release
their sap, you would still see gravity driven circulation, from a single
cell to a giant redwood, it makes no difference to gravity. Try it!
Furthermore, if there is a U bend in the plant, roots will form at the
bottom of the loop and this is used effectively to take cuttings from some
plants by pegging a branch so that it is covered in soil.


So think deeply because your contribution to science is valid experimentally
but your theory is defective.
That is why I have been repeatedly encouraging you to study plant physiology
deeply and check the established theories profoundly before you postulate a
new one.

We are studying plant physiology deeply as we exchange views and I am very
grateful for the opportunity to share your knowledge.

I do have a fair bit of knowledge in this field. However my work has led me
to helping people with neurological conditions, but that should be left out
of this discussion.

Regardless of your theorization I must congratulate you for the wonderful
experiment that should be known by your name.
In the history of science thousands of scientists have contributed to the
bulk of experimental data.
Yet few make it to the top including Clowns like Einstein.

With best regards.

EL Hemetis

Thank you for these words, they show me that some people at least are not
shackled to the powers that be.
Your integrity is admirable.

Kind regards

Andrew

 The following review came from a letter I wrote to professor H T Hammel,
who is member of the Max Plank Institute.



Within a 2 weeks I received his reply

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MEDIICINE date September 6/ 1995

Dear Mr Fletcher:

I received the information you sent me regarding your ideas about fluid
transport in trees, in tubing and in the vascular system in humans.

I will study your ideas and comment upon them as soon as possible. A Quick
scan of your Brixham experiment prompts me to ask if you conducted this
experiment with boiled water without any solute added to the tubing on
either side of the central point which you raise 24 meters? I expect that
you could raise the tubing to the same height with or without solute in the
water. In any case , your experiment confirms that clean water (water that
is unbroken water, water that is without a single minute bubble of vapour)
can support tension of several hundreds of atmospheres. The record tension
obtained experimentally is 270 atmospheres. At 10 degrees C. (c.f. Briggs,
L. Limiting negative pressure of water. Journal of Applied Physics 21:
721-722 1950).

I expect even this tension at brake point can be exceeded by careful
cleansing of the water, to remove even the most minute region of gas phase.
When the water is already broken, as occurs when gas is entrapped on
particulate matter in ordinary water, the water will expand around even a
single break when tension (negative Pressure) is applied to the water. When
you boil the water, prior to applying (2.4-1) ATM negative pressure to the
water in the highest point of the tubing, you eliminate some of these breaks
in ordinary water. I expect that dissolving NaCl or other solutes in the
water will have little or no effect on the way you measure the tensile
strength of water.

I am enclosing some reprints that may interest you. Some of these deal with
negative pressures we have measured in tall trees, mangroves and desert
shrubs. Other reprints deal with how solutes alter water in aqueous
solutions and how colloidal solutes (proteins) affect the flux of protein
free fluid between plasma in capillaries and interstitial fluid.

Sincerely H.T. Hammel Ph.D.






From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sun Mar  5 06:48:42 2000
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Yoonki:

Your photographs are wonderful!  Much better than mine.  I suppose I should get
a good camera?  *grin*
Steve

--
"You can easily judge the character of a person by how he treats those who can
do nothing for him
or to him." Malcolm Forbes
Drop by and see me at :
 http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/6811




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Dear listers
Could anyone help me to get some articles published in "Allium =
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From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sun Mar  5 10:45:44 2000
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From: "Andrew Kenneth Fletcher" <gravitystudy@hotmail.com>
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Extracts from ENCYCLODAEDIA BRITANNICA:
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/4/0,5716,120804+7,00.html

:  PROCESS OF XYLEM TRANSPORT

:  Normally the proportion of xylem to leaves supplied by that xylem is
:  greater in plants growing in dry habitats than in plants found in wet
:  ones and may be as much as 700 times greater in certain desert plants
:  than in aquatic plants and herbs of relatively humid forest floors.

:  The velocity of sap movement in trees varies throughout a 24-hour
:  period. ... Peak velocities correlate with vessel size; the rate of
:  sap flow in trees with small vessels is about 2 metres (7 feet) per
:  hour; that in trees with large vessels, about 50 metres (160 feet) per
:  hour. The energy required to lift water in both cases is comparable;
:  in trees with large pores, water simply moves faster through fewer and
:  larger vessels.

:  It was demonstrated about 1900 that living cells of the stem are not
:  responsible for water movement.

That living cells are not responsible for the water movement might be
correct in the same sense as living cells are not a necessary condition
for e.g. DNA replication. Polymerase enzymes are able to carry out this
function also in vitro. The crucial question however is, whether the
behaviour of polymerase enzymes is consistent with the predictions of
statistical physics.

:  It is now generally recognized that water in the xylem moves passively
:  along a gradient of decreasing pressures.

It is clear that in vertical tubes filled with water, gradients of
decreasing pressures upwards are unavoidable. But such gradients do
certainly not lead to upwards forces on the water molecules. On the
contrary the gradients are the result of downwards forces.

:  Under certain special conditions, water is pushed up the stem by root
:  pressure.

If water is pushed up the stem, then the molecules which produce the
root pressure must perform "uphill" movements, i.e. they must move
against a force and lose the energy which is converted into potential
energy of the pushed water. Such "uphill" movements must not be taken
for granted.

:  Most of the time, however, water is pulled into the leaves by
:  transpiration. A gradient of decreasing pressures from the base to
:  the top of a tree can be measured, even though pressures are low.

Isn't this "transpiration pull" hypothesis dreadfully incredible? The
kinetic energy of water molecules corresponds to a certain statistical
distibution. Those surface molecules with the highest energy evaporate.
Because of momentum conservation the water in the pores of the leaves
suffers rather a downwards push than an upwards pull from upwards
evaporating water molecules.

>From a purely quantitative point of view, the explanation seems
plausible. For a gram of water to evaporate, around 2000 Joules are
needed. For a vertical transport over 100 m however, only 1 Joule
is needed for the same quantity of water.

>From the fact that water is transported in huges trees after very dry
winters before the leaves emerge, we conclude that another mechanism
of water transport must exist.

:  A vacuum pump cannot pull water to a height of more than 10 metres
:  (about 33 feet). ... The hypothesis that water is pulled upward along
:  a pressure gradient during transpiration has been called the cohesion
:  theory. Two critical requirements of the cohesion mechanism of water
:  ascent are (1) sufficient cohesive strength of water and (2) existence
:  of tensions (i.e., pressures below zero) and tension gradients in
:  stems of transpiring trees.
:
:  Although the tensile strength of water is very high, an excessive pull
:  exerted on a water column will break it. The tallest trees are about
:  100 metres (330 feet) high. A nonmoving water column at an atmospheric
:  pressure of 1 atmosphere at the base of the tree is exposed to a
:  pressure of -9 atmospheres (i.e., a tension of 9 atmospheres) at the
:  top. ... If ..., the pressure at the top drops to -25 atmospheres.

Negative pressures in the context of water seems a rather strange and
questionable concept. Isn't normally an atmospheric pressure of (almost)
zero enough to separate all water molecules from each other?

:  It has been demonstrated that water columns in the xylem can withstand
:  this tension, or pull, without breaking.

Maybe it is the actual mechanism of the xylem transport system which is
responsible for the fact that water columns do not break, and not this
strange "cohesion hypothesis".

:  Negative pressures and gradients of negative pressures have been
:  shown to exist in trees with an ingeniously simple device called the
:  pressure bomb. A small twig is inserted in a container (the pressure
:  bomb), its cut stump emerging from a tightly sealed hole. As pressure
:  is applied to the container and gradually increased, water from the
:  xylem emerges from the cut end as soon as the pressure being applied
:  is equal to the xylem tension that existed when the twig was cut.

If I understand correctly, then "pressure bomb" reasoning is based on
a rather dubious premise: it is assumed that the resistance against
pushing water through the twig in leaves-root-direction results from a
one-directional xylem tension. I suppose there is also a resistance
in the opposite direction (when trying to increase the natural flow of
water in the twig).

So the question "how does water really reach the the tops of trees"
is still open.


Wolfgang Gottfried G.


On Brownian motion, diffusion and molecular transport:
http://www.deja.com/=dnc/getdoc.xp?AN=454983467
http://www.deja.com/=dnc/getdoc.xp?AN=456249204
http://www.deja.com/=dnc/getdoc.xp?AN=482303464




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sun Mar  5 22:12:17 2000
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From: "Stephen Jankalski" <CEREOID@prodigy.net>
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Subject: NEW SANSEVIERIA FORUM
Date: Sun, 5 Mar 2000 15:58:36 -0500
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Hello all,

A new forum devoted to everything about the succulent genus Sansevieria
(Snake Plant, Mother-in-law's Tongue) has begun in Onelist. They come in a
much wider range of shapes, sizes and colors than most people realize.

Discussion has been lively, so don't miss out. There are also several
Sansevieria related links, many pictures and references in the files. There
is much more to come.

Feel free to visit the Sansevieria main page to see what it offers.
http://www.onelist.com/community/Sansevieria

The new forum is unmoderated with membership open to the public and all
subscribers can post. The forum is for the beginner and expert alike.

Cereusly Steve





From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Sun Mar  5 23:20:48 2000
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From: "Guido Andreotti" <diablo@venus.it>
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Subject: Mauritius flora
Date: Mon, 6 Mar 2000 00:11:32 +0100
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Anyone can halp me to find information about Mauritius flora?????




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Mon Mar  6 04:07:17 2000
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try search for "Ile Maurice"


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Mon Mar  6 17:26:27 2000
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From: "Paul van Kouwen" <pavank@nbnet.nb.ca>
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I'm growing an amaryllis for the first time. All the ones I've seen before
only had one flower stalk growing, but mine has two from the same bulb. Is
this  common or unusual.  Am I doing something wrong?




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Mon Mar  6 18:03:41 2000
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From: "cécile soulié" <cecilesoulie@free.fr>
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Subject: vds Lauriés Palmes pour haies
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Lauriés Palmes pour haies 40/50 cm 6 Frs, vendu par particulier, expédition
possible. Tél : 05.56.72.24.27




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Mon Mar  6 19:49:28 2000
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From: "Christopher Richards" <Christopher.Richards@nationwideisp.net>
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Try http://www.littleshopofhorrors.co.uk Good plants and advice.
If your into books you can't get better than "The Savage Garden" by Peter
D'Amato.

--
-.-._...._.-._.._...
"Ewa" <maderae@box43.gnet.pl> wrote in message
news:38db8d86.13603876@news.tpnet.pl...
> Hi,
>
> I'm seeking for some informations about Dionea muscipula and other
> plants, that catch insects.
> I'd be grateful for some links.
> --
> Ewa








From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Mon Mar  6 20:04:30 2000
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From: Monique Reed <monique@mail.bio.tamu.edu>
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Date: Mon, 06 Mar 2000 14:03:29 -0600
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Nothing's wrong--just sounds like you have a nice, healthy bulb! 
Bright light (but not direct sun), enough water, and a bit of
flowering plant food and you should get some spectacular flowers!

M. Reed

Paul van Kouwen wrote:
> 
> I'm growing an amaryllis for the first time. All the ones I've seen before
> only had one flower stalk growing, but mine has two from the same bulb. Is
> this  common or unusual.  Am I doing something wrong?


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Tue Mar  7 04:20:01 2000
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From: mtcowden@ix.netcom.com
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The most important thing for bulbs is good drainage. Your pots must have
drainage holes and the soil should be a relatively porous one. Soft and
mushy bulbs would indicate a drainage problem.



From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Tue Mar  7 07:52:39 2000
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From: stephani@onslowonline.net (Stephanie)
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I have many amaryllis in my garden....some have one stalk some two,
some have 4 buds per stalk, some have 6 or 7.  If growing in a pot,
remember to keep it watered and all until the leaves begin to die
back.  Depending upon where you live, plant it outside in a nice sunny
location and in a couple of years you will have MANY amaryllis.  :-)

Stephanie


"Paul van Kouwen" <pavank@nbnet.nb.ca> wrote:

>I'm growing an amaryllis for the first time. All the ones I've seen before
>only had one flower stalk growing, but mine has two from the same bulb. Is
>this  common or unusual.  Am I doing something wrong?






From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  8 03:49:05 2000
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Hi,

   Can anyone tell me where I might find seeds, cuttings, a plant of  P.
cincinnata?

Thanks,
Susie






From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  8 07:26:50 2000
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From: "Kevin M. Windisch" <kmwindisch@earthlink.net>
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Subject: My boston fern is infested
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My beloved boston fern, Gertie (yes I name my plants) is infested. The bugs
start as white lumps the size of a piece of short grain rice (sweetrice)
which later turn brown. They are adherrent to the stalks of the fern from
the base out to the apex, but do not seem to attach themselves to the
leaves). They appear to hold on the the fern via a glue that they secrete as
opposed to using limbs.
For what it is worth, we live in northern nevada (Reno) and she is a
strictly indoor plant.

Does anybody know what this is and how to kill it without harming the
fern???

Please reply directly to my email.

Time is of the essence, she is dying.

Thanks

Kevin M. Windisch






From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  8 15:41:12 2000
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From: Bev Hudema <hudemab@cadvision.com>
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Subject: Hard Water
Date: Wed, 08 Mar 2000 08:41:00 -0700
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I live in an area where our water is very hard.  I'm also rather new to
indoor plant care and worry that my tap water may not be good for my
plants.
Is there anything I can do to soften my tap water?  Any type of additive I
can use, etc.?  It would be too expensive to buy bottled water just for my
plants.

-----
Bev
hudemab@cadvision.com


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  8 16:25:37 2000
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On Wed, 08 Mar 2000 08:41:00 -0700, Bev Hudema <hudemab@cadvision.com>
wrote:

>I live in an area where our water is very hard.  I'm also rather new to
>indoor plant care and worry that my tap water may not be good for my
>plants.
>Is there anything I can do to soften my tap water?  Any type of additive I
>can use, etc.?  It would be too expensive to buy bottled water just for my
>plants.
>
>-----
>Bev
>hudemab@cadvision.com
Not all plants are sensitive to hard water, so a lot depends on what
plants you have. If you have a local garden/houseplant store that
sells the same plants as what you have, point out your plants and ask
a KNOWLEDGEABLE sales person if it is sensitive to hard water, and
what they recommend.

Often, but not always, local shops will tend to sell mainly those
types of plants which can be easily grown under local conditions,
including local water hardness conditions. They want to minimize the
number of customers that come back with dead plants wanting their
money back.

Water softeners often replace the calcium/magnesium/iron salts that
make water "hard" with sodium chloride, which may be just as bad, if
not worse, for your plants than what they take out.

Sometimes the worst thing about hard water is the white scale that
builds up on the outside of clay pots.

Is collecting rainwater a feasable option?

In general, water hardness is probably not your biggest concern if you
are new to keeping houseplants. Correct lighting and watering regimens
are much more important. Again, all depends upon the specific plants
you have. You may find out that if only one or two of your plants are
sensitive to hard water, and the others are not, buying distilled or
deionized water is not a prohibitively expensive option.

I know these are all generalizations, and may not be too helpful. Your
best bet is to talk with someone local who knows your plants' needs.

Good luck! I hope this helps!


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  8 16:33:22 2000
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From: Monique Reed <monique@mail.bio.tamu.edu>
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Subject: Re: Hard Water
Date: Wed, 08 Mar 2000 10:16:55 -0600
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If you live where people use evaporative coolers or dehumidifiers, you
can collect the runoff from either--it is basically distilled water
(with a little dust).  Other alternatives are:  rainwater or fish-tank
water (has usually been pH-adjusted and is full of fertilizer).  Don't
yield to the temptation to use water from a water-softening
unit--these things use sodium, which is directly toxic to plants.  

Another option--a water-filtering pitcher such as a Brita.

You may find that some of your plants are fussier than others.  Plants
that hate hard/salty water are: ferns, orchids, African violets,
prayer plants, and anything with long, skinny leaves--airplane or
spider plant, dracaena, ponytail palm, etc.  it can also be a problem
for dumb cane and Nephthytis.  

Other plants don't seem to care too much--peperomia, pothos,
heart-leaf philodendron, etc.

M. Reed

Bev Hudema wrote:
> 
> I live in an area where our water is very hard.  I'm also rather new to
> indoor plant care and worry that my tap water may not be good for my
> plants.
> Is there anything I can do to soften my tap water?  Any type of additive I
> can use, etc.?  It would be too expensive to buy bottled water just for my
> plants.
> 
> -----
> Bev
> hudemab@cadvision.com


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  8 19:55:53 2000
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From: "abacusnurseries.freeserve.co,uk" <david@abacusnurseries.freeserve.co.uk>
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Subject: Re: My boston fern is infested
Date: Wed, 8 Mar 2000 19:59:05 -0000
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Sounds like Mealy bug, you can paint them with Mentholated spirits, doesn't
hurt the plant

--
David...S.Wales
Still having trouble with the new web site on www.abacus-dahlias.co.uk
E mail your address for my latest Dahlia catalogue




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Wed Mar  8 21:00:33 2000
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From: gardenlen <ntbandit@globec.com.au>
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Subject: Re: My boston fern is infested
Date: Wed, 08 Mar 2000 20:52:16 GMT
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In article <Ognx4.356$041.23382@newsread1.prod.itd.earthlink.net>,
  "Kevin M. Windisch" <kmwindisch@earthlink.net> wrote:
> My beloved boston fern, Gertie (yes I name my plants) is infested.
The bugs
> start as white lumps the size of a piece of short grain rice
(sweetrice)
> which later turn brown. They are adherrent to the stalks of the fern
from
> the base out to the apex, but do not seem to attach themselves to the
> leaves). They appear to hold on the the fern via a glue that they
secrete as
> opposed to using limbs.
> For what it is worth, we live in northern nevada (Reno) and she is a
> strictly indoor plant.
>
> Does anybody know what this is and how to kill it without harming the
> fern???
>
> Please reply directly to my email.
>
> Time is of the essence, she is dying.
>
> Thanks
>
> Kevin M. Windisch
>
>
g'day kevin,

the metho trick is one way here are another couple of ways that i have
used:-

if the plant is not totally covered with the bugs mix a solution of
white petrolium oil and spray liberally over all fronds keep out of
direct sun and place in an outside position untill control is complete.

for extreme infestation cut off all existing fronds treat the crowns
with the white oil and let the plant recoup.

you most likely will find that there may be ants in the pot they will
need to go so trea them as well.

len


--
happy gardening
'it works for me it could work for you'
<http://www.globec.com.au/~ntbandit/>
"old age and treachery will overcome youth and skill"


Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  9 05:07:50 2000
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From: reikirk@ksu.edu (Bob Kirk)
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Subject: Re: My boston fern is infested
Date: 8 Mar 2000 22:28:15 -0600
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>My beloved boston fern, Gertie (yes I name my plants) is infested. The bugs
>start as white lumps the size of a piece of short grain rice (sweetrice)
>which later turn brown. They are adherrent to the stalks of the fern from
>the base out to the apex, but do not seem to attach themselves to the
>leaves). They appear to hold on the the fern via a glue that they secrete as
>opposed to using limbs.

>Does anybody know what this is and how to kill it without harming the
>fern???

   It's scale. In my considerable though not vast experience the only thing
that will kill it (that you want to spray in the house anyway) is Sunspray
or "superior" oil. With repeated applications, on anything as bushy as a
boston fern. Even one of which - the applications, that is - will probably
finish off the fern. But on the other hand it probably doesn't much like the
petroleum-based carriers in off-the-shelf pesticides, either.
   It's a commodity plant - put it in the freezer and execute it humanely
and then throw it out somewhere well away from other plants (aka "putting
it back into the cycles." Before it infests all your other named plants.
In the unlikely event it hasn't already done so - scale is insidious, and
an infestation is likely to be be well established before you even notice,
though on most "real" plants you at least stand a chance of getting rid
of it.
   And for goddesssake, if you want to develop that level of attachment
to a plant, at least save it for your grandmother's rose (or whatever),
your 20-year-old Welwitschia, etc.......

   



From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  9 06:03:15 2000
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From: "katie sullivan" <ameliae@mail.utexas.edu>
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Subject: four leaf clovers
Date: Wed, 8 Mar 2000 23:48:53 -0600
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Are Four leaf clovers a real plant, or a cross of two plants, or what?  I
have found a patch of them before.  They never were flowering, and I want to
grow some.  Does anyone know if I can buy seeds, or how I can "create" some?

Thank you!!




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  9 07:01:17 2000
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Well, I considered the last response a bit insensitive. I would try to
physically remove the scale with a some sort t of scraper if the plant is so
valuable to you that you name it. Get out your pen knife and put on your
favorite tunes and scrape away.   Also get some Q-tips or equivalent and
some rubbing alcohol to wipe up the remains of the scales. I believe they
lay their eggs under the scale, so you want to get them. You have a job on
your hands if you've let it go very long. Good luck. It's good therapy, kind
of like meditation.

If the infestation is too great for that  treatment, just snip off all the
infected leaves, fertilize and wait for regrowth.

If you give up do what Bob said.

Bob Kirk <reikirk@ksu.edu> wrote in message
news:8a798v$ou1@unix2.cc.ksu.edu...
> >My beloved boston fern, Gertie (yes I name my plants) is infested. The
bugs
> >start as white lumps the size of a piece of short grain rice (sweetrice)
> >which later turn brown. They are adherrent to the stalks of the fern from
> >the base out to the apex, but do not seem to attach themselves to the
> >leaves). They appear to hold on the the fern via a glue that they secrete
as
> >opposed to using limbs.
>
> >Does anybody know what this is and how to kill it without harming the
> >fern???
>
>    It's scale. In my considerable though not vast experience the only
thing
> that will kill it (that you want to spray in the house anyway) is Sunspray
> or "superior" oil. With repeated applications, on anything as bushy as a
> boston fern. Even one of which - the applications, that is - will probably
> finish off the fern. But on the other hand it probably doesn't much like
the
> petroleum-based carriers in off-the-shelf pesticides, either.
>    It's a commodity plant - put it in the freezer and execute it humanely
> and then throw it out somewhere well away from other plants (aka "putting
> it back into the cycles." Before it infests all your other named plants.
> In the unlikely event it hasn't already done so - scale is insidious, and
> an infestation is likely to be be well established before you even notice,
> though on most "real" plants you at least stand a chance of getting rid
> of it.
>    And for goddesssake, if you want to develop that level of attachment
> to a plant, at least save it for your grandmother's rose (or whatever),
> your 20-year-old Welwitschia, etc.......
>
>
>




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  9 07:08:29 2000
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From: "davekate" <davekate@open.org>
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I've discovered more 4 leaf clovers in lawns that has been sprayed with
2,4-D.  Just spray  with a dilute mix., strong enough to injure but not kill
it and then start looking after recovery of the clover. I forget what the
name of the plant I'm talking about is. Just the white flowering clover in
lawns all over the country (Dutch clover?)

katie sullivan <ameliae@mail.utexas.edu> wrote in message
news:8a7e64$r70$1@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu...
> Are Four leaf clovers a real plant, or a cross of two plants, or what?  I
> have found a patch of them before.  They never were flowering, and I want
to
> grow some.  Does anyone know if I can buy seeds, or how I can "create"
some?
>
> Thank you!!
>
>




From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  9 07:26:10 2000
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From: tuttleok@cs.com (Scott J. Brenkert)
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Subject: Re: My boston fern is infested
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Mealybug is a type of scale, but it is NOT mealybug - probably a hard-shell
scale.  Ferns do not respond well to pesticides, so the aforementioned
"scraping" treatment is the best I can think of.
Scott Brenkert
USDA 6b, Heat 8 - if you have to ask, don't!!


From owner-plantbio@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk  Thu Mar  9 07:29:33 2000
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