[Neuroscience] Conditioning and phylogenetic order

[Majid Beshkar]

What is the lowest-order animal, in terms of phylogenetic hierarchy, endowed with associative learning (i.e., classical and operant conditioning)? In other words, where in phylogenetic hierarchy does the capability for associative learning arise? 
  Thanks for your reply,
  Majid Beshkar

 		
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