non-majors plant courses
Janice M. Glime
jmglime at mtu.edu
Thu Jan 16 17:52:42 EST 2003
Dear Beverly and others,
Too many years ago I took over our botany course, which at that time was
a mix of about equal numbers of majors and non-majors. I faced the dilema
of how to interest the non-majors and give the majors what they needed at
the same time (majors meaning bio, not botany). I found no textbook I
felt would do the job, so I wrote my own. I have the chapters, then the
detailed table of contents listed below. The course has evolved because
it now has mostly forestry and applied ecology students, about 10
non-majors, and about 8-10 bio majors, mostly secondary education and
plant science options. Hence, I have added a section that is largely
morphology, using a different approach from my original course. I used an
endangered species approach to those groups because there are a number of
them protected in Michigan. See listing after my signature.
Janice
***********************************
Janice M. Glime, Professor
Department of Biological Sciences
Michigan Technological University
Houghton, MI 49931-1295
jmglime at mtu.edu
906-487-2546
FAX 906-487-3167
***********************************
1 Classification: A Look to the Future 1
2 Knowing the Organism: The Body of a Plant 23
3 Moving Water and Nutrients 37
4 Greenhouse Gases and Photosynthetic Alternatives 65
5 Purifying the Air: Photosynthesis 91
6 UV Light and the Ozone Shield 103
7 Acid Rain or Liquid Fertilizer 127
8 Ozone: A Natural Pollutant 153
9 Cyanobacteria: The Nitrogen Fixers 163
10 Legumes and Rhizobium 177
11 Red Tides: The Story of a Killer 187
12 The Useful Algae and Aquatic Plants 201
13 Chlorophyta, the Protoplants 211
14 Heavy Metals and Plants 225
15 Insectivorous Plants 251
16 Nutrients and Hydroponics 263
17 Invasion of Land: Non-Tracheophytes 273
18 Giants to Club Mosses: Phylum Lycopodiophyta 301
19 Wasteland Invaders: Equisetophyta 319
20 What Endangers the Ferns: Polypodiophyta 329
21 Disappearing Invaders: Rhyniophyta and Psilotophyta
361
22 Ginkgophyta: A Temple Garden Relict 371
23 Pinophyta: The Fire Followers 381
24 Feeding a Growing World 403
25 Magnoliophyta: A Look to the Future 423
26 Plants for Food - And Other Uses 439
27 Match Makers: Pollination 467
28 Go and Multiply: Plant Propagation 491
29 Medical Botany 503
Literature Cited 513
Glossary 533
Appendix 577
Index 583
Expanded Table of Contents
1 Classification: A Look to the Future 1
The Path to Nobel - A Feeling for the Organism 1
What Is a Plant: Knowing the organism 2
The Kingdom Concept 2
Nomenclature 3
Life Cycles Differ Among Kingdoms and Phyla 6
Plant Definition 13
Flowers 14
Knowing the Place of the Organism: The Seed Plants 14
Liliopsida and Magnoliopsida (monocots and dicots) 15
2 Knowing the Organism: The Body of a Plant 23
Roots 23
Stems 27
Xylem 27
Support 28
Storage Stems: The Rhizome 29
Leaves 31
3 Moving Water and Nutrients 37
Carbohydrate Movement Up and Down, Phloem 37
Conduction of Water Up: Xylem 42
Water Entry into the Root 42
Movement across the Root - Through Cells or between Them
43
Capillary Action 43
Assuring the Right Path: The Endodermis 45
The Ascent of Water 46
A New Paradigm? The Compensating Pressure Theory 49
Wilting 53
Need for Aeration of Roots 53
Controlling the Gate: Guard Cells 54
Adaptations to Winter Water Loss 58
Genetic Engineering for Drought Protection 61
Sap Flow in a Sugar Maple - Xylem and Phloem Action 61
4 Greenhouse Gases and Photosynthetic Alternatives 65
Carbon Dioxide 65
Temperature Effects of CO2: The Greenhouse Effect
66
Ice Age 67
Nuclear Winter 67
Past Experience 68
Alternative Pathways for Plants to Store CO2 71
C3 and C4 Pathways 72
Temperature Effects 76
Effects of CO2 Concentration on Photosynthesis 77
CO2 Compensation Point 78
CO2 Effects on C3 and C4 Plants 79
Responses to Light Intensity 80
Ecosystem Effects of Increased CO2 on C3 vs C4 80
Advantages of Being C4 81
Global Warming and Plant Migrations? 86
Ethylene - The Gaseous Hormone 88
5 Purifying the Air: Photosynthesis 91
Sources of Pollutants 91
Oxygen 92
How Do Plants Make New Tissues? 92
Future for Artificial Photosynthesis Shines -
Capturing Light Energy 94
The Miraculous Chlorophyll 95
MTU's Nobel Prize Winner - Carbon Fixation 97
The Big Picture 98
Biological Overview 100
6 UV Light and the Ozone Shield 103
Ozone Effects on Ultraviolet Radiation 103
Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on Plants 104
Protective Devices 107
Structural Protection and the Life Cycle
111
Avoidance Strategies and Filters 115
Marine Algae - in and out of Bright Light and
Water 116
Adaptive Protection from UV Damage 124
7 Acid Rain or Liquid Fertilizer 127
Definition 127
The Problem 128
Historical Perspective 129
Sources 129
Sulfur as a Plant Nutrient 130
Formation of Acids and Plant Responses 130
Nutrient Availability 130
Interaction of pH with Aluminum 131
Plant Sensitivity and Symptoms 132
Mycorrhizae 133
Sensitivity and Adaptation 134
Agricultural Impact 135
Forests 136
Mechanisms of Damage 142
Lichens 143
Acid Lakes - Are they really Dead? 148
Succession in Lakes 149
Acidified Streams 150
Conclusions 150
8 Ozone: A Natural Pollutant 153
Oxygen 153
Ozone 153
Natural Sources 153
NOx and Ozone 154
Entry to Plant 155
Mode of Action 156
Ozone Damage 157
Vulnerability - It's those Teenage Years
159
Interactions with other Pollutants 160
Will our Rising CO2 Help 160
Resistance to Ozone 160
Monitoring Ozone Levels 161
Summary of Kinds of Ozone Effects 161
9 Cyanobacteria: The Nitrogen Fixers 163
Cyanobacteria 163
From Whence the Nitrogen? 164
Nitrogen Metabolism 165
Nitrogen Fixation 165
Cyanobacteria 166
Spirulina - Complete Source of Amino Acids
170
Annie, Fanny, and Mike 173
Oscillatoria 175
Other Trouble-makers 175
10 Legumes and Rhizobium 177
Nitrogen Deficiency 177
Legumes and Rhizobium - Another Partnership
178
Recognizing Each Other: Lectins 178
Fertilizer Effects on Lectins 179
Invading the Root Hair 179
Effects of Acid Rain 182
Attempts ot Improve Crop Production 183
Tissue Culture 183
Gene Transposition 184
11 Red Tides: The Story of a Killer 187
Dinoflagellates - The Armored Algae 187
Contemporary Problems 188
General Symptoms 188
Toxicity of Mussels 189
Causes of Blooms 189
New England Visited by Bay of Fundy
Dinoflagellates 190
Jim Breve: Gymnodinium breve 192
Life Cycle 193
Control Methods 194
Biological Control 194
Satisfying EPA 196
The Cell from Hell: Pfiesteria piscicida
197
12 The Useful Algae and Aquatic Plants 201
Phosphorus Problems 201
The Sewage Algae 202
Phylum Chlorophyta: Chlorella 202
Phylum Chlorophyta: Ulva 205
The World's Oil Supply: Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
205
Overview 207
Solutions 207
Pollutants and Duckweed Research 208
13 Chlorophyta, the Protoplants 211
Kingdom Protista 211
Phylum Chlorophyta 211
Charophytes: Parents to Land Plants?
221
Coleochaete 222
14 Heavy Metals and Plants 225
What are Heavy Metals? 225
Sequestering Heavy Metals - Energy Requirements
226
Susceptibility - Bryophytes Protect the Soil
226
Copper 230
Cadmium 232
Lead 234
Iron 237
Magnesium 238
Genetic Engineering as a Possible Solution
239
Use of Mosses as Heavy Metal Biomonitors
239
Tufa Mosses and Other Exchangers 242
Sphagnum - a Unique Biomonitor and Bioaccumulator
242
Making More - The Life Cycle 246
15 Insectivorous Plants 251
Sarracenia - Pitcher Plants 251
Nepenthes 254
Dionaea muscipula - Venus Fly Trap 255
Drosera - Sundews 257
Pinguicula vulgaris - Butterwort 259
Utricularia - Bladderwort 260
16 Nutrients and Hydroponics 263
Nutrient Needs of Plants 263
Phosphorus - The Fertilizer Problem 264
Nitrogen - the Benefit from Acid Rain 265
Potassium - the Leachable Nutrient 265
Magnesium - the Center of Chlorophyll 266
Calcium - the Cement Nutrient 266
Iron 267
Hydroponic Culture 268
17 Invasion of Land: Non-Tracheophytes 273
The Invasion 273
Non-tracheophytes: Liverworts and Mosses
273
Life Cycle: A Curse or the Cure? 276
Life Cycle 278
Marchantia polymorpha (Marchantiophyta) 283
Bryophyte Classification 290
Role of Bryophytes 291
Moss Gardens - A Fragile System 294
Mosses (Bryophyta) - The Botanical Sponges
295
Human Exploitation and Disturbance 298
Genetic Engineering 299
18 Giants to Club Mosses: Phylum Lycopodiophyta 301
Modern Lycopods 301
Lycopodium 303
Michigan Christmas Tree Act - Protection for
Lycopodium 309
Keweenaw Peninsula Lycopodium Species 309
Size Differences: Megaspores and Microspores
313
Selaginella 314
19 Wasteland Invaders: Equisetophyta 319
Structure of Sporophyte 320
Gametophytes 322
Equisetum arvense - The Common Horsetail
323
Equisetum sylvaticum - The Sulfur Accumulator
323
20 What Endangers the Ferns: Polypodiophyta 329
The First Macrophylls 329
The Frond 330
Sori and Spores 331
Gametophytes - Prothalli 334
Pteridium aquilinum - Bracken Fern 338
Asplenium (Phyllitis) scolopendrium (an endangered
species) 340
Ophioglossopsida - Primitive or Advanced Ferns?
345
The Heterosporous Aquatic Ferns 350
Marsilea - Pepperwort 350
Salvinia - Roundleaf Fern 358
Azolla - Water Velvet 359
21 Disappearing Invaders: Rhyniophyta and Psilotophyta
361
Rhyniophyta - The Progenitors? 361
Psilotophyta 361
Ode to Skinny Rhynia 367
Evolutionary Tendencies 369
22 Ginkgophyta: A Temple Garden Relict 371
Innovations 371
Life Cycle 374
Resin Ducts: Secrets to Being a Living Fossil?
378
23 Pinophyta: The Fire Followers 381
Fire in the Sequoias 382
Adaptations to a Dry Habitat 384
Life Cycle Requirements - Fire Is Important
387
Transport of Sperm - the Pollen Grain 387
Female Cones - Deflecting the Wind 389
Seed Development 394
Protection from Hungry Browsers 396
Taxus - Cancer Cure or Poison? 397
Deciduous Branches - The Taxodiaceae 397
24 Feeding a Growing World 403
New Foods 403
Intercropping 404
Organic Gardening 405
Soils 405
Food Quality 407
The Herbicides 408
Protecting Crops against Herbicides 411
Soil Renewal 412
Pest Control 413
Vegetarian Diets 418
Comparison of Plant Hormone Effects 421
25 Magnoliophyta: A Look to the Future 423
The Primitive Flower 424
The Life Cycle 427
The Sporophyte 427
Flowers 428
Double Fertilization - The Beginning of
Endosperm 431
Recapitulation - And Where Does It Go From
Here? 437
26 Plants for Food - And Other Uses 439
History 439
Edible Parts of Plants 440
Cereals 441
Is the Tomato a Fruit or a Vegetable? 446
Fruits 447
Underground Crops 452
Sugars 455
Vegetables 456
Legumes 457
Tree Foods 457
Chocolate 460
Spices 461
Problems in Feeding the World 462
Increasing Productivity 462
Fibers 464
Botanical Sleuthing 464
27 Match Makers: Pollination 467
Pollination Technology 468
Cross Pollination 468
Discrimination 470
Wind Pollination - The Allergy-Causing Plants
471
Water Pollination 474
Gravity 475
Bird Pollination 475
Bat Pollination 477
Insect Pollination 478
Beetle Pollination 478
Butterfly Pollination 479
Moth Pollination 479
Fly Pollination 481
Bee Pollination 483
28 Go and Multiply: Plant Propagation 491
Sexual (Seed) Propagation 491
Seed Dormancy 492
Hormonal Control of Germination 495
Seed Storage 496
Soil Effects on Germination 496
Asexual (Vegetative) Reproduction 496
Pest Precautions 497
Cuttings 497
Grafting 498
Layering 499
Division 501
29 Medical Botany 503
Allergy 503
Botanical Cures 505
Literature Cited 513
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