Problem: to formulate the next stage of planting seaside sand dunes in temperate Japan (40-0¡C, 2-month summer rain, 3 month summer dry heat, winter rains) which have been retained for 20 years by pines (P. Thunbergii) and marram grass. Aim: to introduce variety and improve the topsoil by interplanting/underplanting.Preferably with broadleaf. Ideas: