From erach27 at gmail.com Thu Jun 1 02:59:15 2006 From: erach27 at gmail.com (erach27@gmail.com) Date: Thu Jun 1 03:06:03 2006 Subject: [N2-fixation] How to create biological intelligence (true artificial intelligence) Message-ID: <1149148755.850804.123920@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com> If there are images in this attachment, they will not be displayed. Download the original attachment How to do experimentation for constructing a bio-nano-electro computer from geobacter/e.coli bacteria ? S. B. Khadkikar, Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Pune, Pune, INDIA. Erach A. Irani, IKB Research Institute, 106 B. Desai Road, Mumbai 400 036. INDIA. [ erach27 [at] yahoo.com ] Motivation: many attempts to train biology have succeeded. All attempts to teach computers to learn have failed. Attempts to teach computers "Artificial Intelligence" have to teach intelligence on top of adaptive abilities and evolving abilities. Bacteria are naturally adaptive and evolving so we have to train only intelligence. 1. Mutate the geobacter bacteria with carbon nanotubes so that they cannot respond as they are used to having carbon nanotubes sticking on the exterior but grow tentacles like neurons. Brain cells in mammals do not reproduce. If they reproduce the information is lost since the wiring connections are lost. 2. Use only the geobacter bacteria mutated above with e.coli. mutated as above. The carbon nanotubes form transistors on the skin of the bacteria which will later act as nerves with mutation. 3. Make a mixture of geobacter / e.coli bacteria. The geobacter bacteria are attracted to electrodes and form colonies on it (biofilms) using nano-wires of iron compounds called pili. The e.coli. are used because they are more intelligent presumably and live in the intestine where time varying food supplies come and keep moving around. Eventually we are hoping for the bacteria to be a genetic hybrid of geobacter / E. Coli. 1. Make a grid of 30 * 30 electrodes ( 300 * 300 electrodes if possible). Dip it into the beaker and make a pattern of "right-shifting current on the electrode grid", until the bacteria respond to it. You can check whether the bacteria have responded to it by seeing if the current take-ups by the bacteria are more or less. Geobacter bacteria are used in fuel cells (check google.com search on "geobacter bacteria fuel cells" and also check www.geobacter.org for a $25 million project on geobacter bacteria). 2. Once the geobacter bacteria respond to right-shift, apply left-shift, and then both simultaneously, and then "a", "b", "c", "d" cycling, then finally XOR and Tic-tac-toe. You need not use a microscope to see if the geobacter bacteria are responding to the time-varying patterns and predicting which patterns come next --- just see how much current is delivered to the electrodes. How to make a computer from geo-bacter bacteria mutated as above ? 1. Once the bacteria respond to patterns as above apply DIFFEerent neural net training patterns. Read the original parallel distributed processing books --- "Parallel Distributed Processing by McClelland and Rumelhart". These bacteria should be able to learn at electronic speeds since the nano-tubes act as semi-conductors. Thus what a person learns in 40 years they will learn in seconds or minutes. 2. REWARD FOR THE BACTERIA USING BIO-CHEMICALS When the bacteria do a complicated task give them a dose of pleasant bio-chemicals (to them) besides simply food. Computers cannot be rewarded in a sense that they appreciate (do computers appreciate anything ?), bacteria can be rewarded. Bibliography 1. Dr Dobb's AI Newsletter, "Evolving Computation in Bacterial Collectives", http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0512.htm#erach (www.google.com search for "AI Newsletter Erach Irani") 2. "Intelligent bacteria?", http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/050418_bactfrm.htm (www.google.com search for "bacterial intelligence") 3. "Microbial Intelligence", http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_Intelligence (www.google.com search for "bacterial intelligence") 4. "Bacterial wisdom, Godel's theorem and creative genomic webs", Eshel Ben-Jacob, www.iscid.org/boards/ubb-get_topic-f-1-t-000139.html (www.google.com search for "bacterial intelligence Eschel") 5.http://iwarrior.uwaterloo.ca/?module=displaystory&story_id=1652&format=html&edition_id=35 (www.google.com search for "25,000 rat neurons flying F22 simulator") 6. "Slime mould used to create first robot run by living cells, Alok Jha, science correspondent", http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,,1709944,00.html (www.google.com search on making a robot move using a slime cell) 7. "De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue Engineering", Frank Oberpenning, Jun Meng, James J. Yoo, and Anthony Atala. http://www.frontier.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ca04/text/hanakin/nbt0299_149.pdf 8. "First Bladders Grown in Lab Transplanted, Breakthrough Shows Promise for Creating Other Human Organs", http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/03/AR2006040301387.html 8. D.E. Rumelhart, J. L. McClelland, and the PDP Research Group. "Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Volume I and II". MIT Press, 1986. 9. Dr Dobb's AI Newsletter, Entire issue is on biological intelligence, http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0512.htm 10. Obtaining carbon nanotubes from grass. Zhenhui Kang et al 2005 Nanotechnology 16 1192-1195 doi:10.1088/0957-4484/16/8/036 [Nanotechnology 16 1192] (6.13.05) 11. "Scientist Revs Up Power of Microbial Fuel Cells in Unexpected Ways", http://www.geocities.com/erach27/BacterialBioFilmMakeElectricity.txt 12. http://www.geobacter.org/research/nanowires/ 13. Information on Geobacter bacteria. http://www.geobacter.org 14. Christopher Voigt. Online internet lecture. Programming sight, touch, and thought into E.Coli. http://esmane.physics.lsa.umich.edu/wl/external/ICSB/2005/20051020-umwlap001-03-voigt/real/sld006.htm (www.google.com search for "programming bacteria") 15. Paras Chopra. http://www.paraschopra.com/blog/post/biohacking/106/BioIntelligence-Creating-chess-playing-bacteria BIOGRAPHY Prof. S. B. Khadkikar, MSc, PhD is an internationally recognized theoretical physicist and is a retired senior professor from Physics Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad. He is cited in Marquis Who's Who (science and engineering, world, Asia) in the years 1996-2006. He has about 80 publications in renowned international journals, mainly in nuclear physics. Dr Erach A. Irani, B.Tech Computer Science (IIT Mumbai, India), M.Tech Computer Science (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA), PhD Computer Science (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) has worked all his life in Computer Science and now theorizes with Prof S. B. Khadkikar. He is a US Citizen. He has over 20 publications to his credit while doing his studies at the University of Minnesota, mainly in computer science and applications of Computer Science to medicine.