From BIOSCI-REQUEST Fri Aug 9 10:49:31 1996 Return-Path: BIOSCI-REQUEST Received: (from daemon@localhost) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) id KAA06715; Fri, 9 Aug 1996 10:49:31 -0700 Received: from UOVSVM1.UOVS.AC.ZA (uovsvm1.uovs.ac.za [146.182.9.11]) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) with SMTP id KAA06710; Fri, 9 Aug 1996 10:49:26 -0700 Received: from landbou.uovs.ac.za by UOVSVM1.UOVS.AC.ZA (IBM VM SMTP V2R3) with TCP; Fri, 09 Aug 96 19:50:29 SAT Received: from LANDBOU/SpoolDir by landbou.uovs.ac.za (Mercury 1.21); 9 Aug 96 19:50:24 GMT+2 Received: from SpoolDir by LANDBOU (Mercury 1.21); 9 Aug 96 19:50:19 GMT+2 From: "ZA PRETORIUS" Organization: UOVS To: rust-mil@net.bio.net Date: Fri, 9 Aug 1996 19:50:11 GMT2 Subject: P. striiformis X-Confirm-Reading-To: "ZA PRETORIUS" X-pmrqc: 1 Priority: normal X-mailer: Pegasus Mail for Windows (v2.33) Message-ID: <32623C1E72@landbou.uovs.ac.za> Stripe rust has been detected for the first time ever in South Africa. The disease was first noticed in the Swartland area approximately 100 km north of Cape Town on August 6. A preliminary survey conducted this morning showed that the disease is well established. Certain fields have a stripe rust incidence of about 90% with a few leaves exhibiting severities as high as 70-100S. Since most of the wheat in that area has not yet reached heading stage, and nothing is known about resistance or susceptibility in local cultivars, farmers may have to rely on chemical control. I would appreciate comments on: a) compounds known to be effective specifically against P.s. b) application rates c) effectivity of tractor-mounted spray equipment vs. aerial applications d) number of sprays usually required (the crop has at least two months to go until harvest) e) growth stage after which fungicide sprays have been found uneconomical for stripe rust control f) any other comments that may be of use Many thanks for you consideration and assistance. Regards Z.A. Pretorius Department of Plant Pathology University of the Orange Free State Bloemfontein 9300 SOUTH AFRICA DIRECT TELEPHONE LINE: +27-51-4012466 FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE FAX: +27-51-4480692 From BIOSCI-REQUEST Sat Aug 10 02:00:11 1996 Return-Path: BIOSCI-REQUEST Received: (from daemon@localhost) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) id CAA25919; Sat, 10 Aug 1996 02:00:11 -0700 Received: (from biohelp@localhost) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) id CAA25906; Sat, 10 Aug 1996 02:00:07 -0700 Date: Sat, 10 Aug 1996 02:00:07 -0700 From: BIOSCI Administrator Message-Id: <199608100900.CAA25906@net.bio.net> To: rust-mil@net.bio.net Subject: BIOSCI/bionet miniFAQ & Fundraiser (LAST REVISION: 30-JUL-95) This BIOSCI "miniFAQ" is designed to answer the questions that come up the *most frequently*. The main BIOSCI FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) is accessible on the World Wide Web at URL http://www.bio.net/. If you can not find an answer to your question in this or other documentation, the BIOSCI technical support staff answers e-mail queries sent to biosci-help@net.bio.net We can only answer questions about the use of the newsgroups and mailing lists. We unfortunately do not have the staff to do Internet information searches or answer scientific questions. Please post those to the appropriate BIOSCI/bionet newsgroups. Contents: -------- 0) BIOSCI NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT!! 1) Using the WWW to access the BIOSCI/bionet newsgroups. 2) What to do about "spams," i.e., junk mail, ads, etc. 3) Examples of subscribing and unsubscribing to the mailing lists. 4) The BIOSCI user address and research interest directory. 0) BIOSCI NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT!! ------------------------------ BIOSCI's government funding has been expended, and we are now operating solely from advertising revenue that we have raised from our Web site at http://www.bio.net/. We need just a few minutes of your time to help us serve you. You can do two important things which will take very little time for you individually and will immensely help us continue to help you. First, please use our WWW system at http://www.bio.net/ to access the archives. You can post or reply to messages via your Web browser as described in item #1 below. Your usage helps attract sponsors. If you contact any of our sponsors, please be sure to thank them for supporting BIOSCI. It is critical for them to get this feedback if they are to continue their sponsorship for the long term. Second, if you work for a company or organization that provides products or services of interest to the biology community, please pass this message on to your marketing or marketing communications department or other appropriate group. Please ask them to help support BIOSCI by sponsoring our Web site and explain the uses and benefits of the system to the biology community. If they are interested, they can then contact us for further information at our tech support address, biosci-help@net.bio.net. 1) Using the WWW to access the BIOSCI/bionet newsgroups. -------------------------------------------------------- As of 10 December 1995, all BIOSCI/bionet full newsgroups are accessible through the World Wide Web (WWW) at URL http://www.bio.net. One can read and reply publicly or privately to both recent postings and archived messages through one's Web browser if it is configured properly to send e-mail. Each newsgroup is equipped with its own WAIS index. The main BIOSCI home page also has access to the BIO-JOURNALS Table of Contents database WAIS index and the BIOSCI user address database described in another item further below. 2) What to do about "spams," i.e., junk mail, ads, etc. ------------------------------------------------------- BIOSCI is a set of parallel USENET newsgroups (the "bionet" groups), mailing lists, and a hypermail archive at URL http://www.bio.net/. The same postings are distributed on all media (except for a small number of mailing-list-only groups at net.bio.net). Unfortunately it is becoming a despicable practice on the Internet (by a few people out to make a fast buck) to do automated mass postings to thousands of newsgroups and mailing lists. These attempts to grab free advertising are refered to as "spams" in the usual, somewhat boneheaded, net terminology. USENET is more susceptible to this practice, and many spams originate on the USENET groups and then are passed on to the mailing lists. However, spammers also get lists of mailing addresses and hit these too, so neither medium is immune. What should you do personally if you get junk mail? --------------------------------------------------- Just delete it and move on without reading it further. Filing a protest is becoming increasingly useless because spammers are often disguising the addresses where the messages are sent from. Unless you really understand Internet mail systems, your attempt at protest by sending replies to the message will often end up being sent to the address of an innocent person that the spammer is victimizing. What can BIOSCI/bionet do to protect its newsgroups? ---------------------------------------------------- The only solution currently available is to moderate the newsgroup. If this newsgroup is already moderated, then you are in good shape. Moderation protects the USENET distribution from about 95% of the spams that are being sent to date and protects the mailing lists completely. Moderation means, however, that someone has to take the time to review each message before it goes out. We have set up software here that simply allows the moderator to forward to an address at net.bio.net messages that (s)he wishes to have distributed. This takes no more time than that needed to read the message and pass it on, say about 1 min. per message. Most newsgroups currently have a discussion leader who is responsible for their newsgroup. The discussions leaders and their e-mail addresses are listed in the BIOSCI Information Sheet which is available on the Web at http://www.bio.net/. If a newsgroup is being hit with too many junk postings, please contact the discussion leader for that group and see if there is interest in moderating the group. Please do not assume that by simply posting a complaint to the newsgroup itself, anyone on the BIOSCI staff will act on your complaint. With close to 100 newsgroups to run, the BIOSCI staff has to rely on the discussion leaders of each newsgroup to report problems directly to us at biosci-help@net.bio.net. We will moderate any of our newsgroups if the discussion leader tells us that the readership of the group wishes to do so and if a moderator is willing to do the work. For most BIOSCI/bionet groups, this entails only a few minutes of work each day. Moderating a newsgroup will resolve probably 95% of the junk postings on the USENET distribution. Unfortunately there are easy ways for determined spammers to override the moderation mechanism on USENET, but we can protect our e-mail subscribers from unwanted postings if the newsgroup is moderated. You can also access our newsgroups over the WWW at URL http://www.bio.net. While this Web interface will not stop spammers from trying to post to the groups, this will give you yet another way, besides using USENET news, to keep the junk out of your personal mail files. For those of you with local USENET news systems, the Web interface will also give you faster access to new newsgroups and recent postings. 3) Examples of subscribing and unsubscribing to the mailing lists. ------------------------------------------------------------------ PLEASE NOTE: The BIOSCI management does NOT act on subscription/unsubscription requests that are posted improperly to the newsgroups and mailing lists. People who do this only bother everyone on the lists to no avail. Please be sure to follow the proper procedures below. Gory details are in the BIOSCI Information sheets on the Web at http://www.bio.net. Below we give an example utilizing the METHODS-AND-REAGENTS list at both of our two BIOSCI sites: Users in the Americas and Pacific Rim countries who use the BIOSCI ------------------------------------------------------------------ node at computer net.bio.net: ---------------------------- A) Determine the "listname" which is the <=8 character mail address ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ for the group. These can be found in the BIOSCI Info. Sheet. For the METHODS-AND-REAGENTS group the mailing address is methods@net.bio.net. The listname is the portion of the address to the left of the @ sign, i.e., "methods". The listname is used with the "subscribe" and "unsubscribe" commands illustrated below. B) Mail all commands in the body of a mail message addressed to biosci-server@net.bio.net. Do NOT send commands to the newsgroup posting addresses! Leave the Subject: line blank, any text on it will be ignored. C) In the body of your message put one or more of the following commands with an "end" command on the last line, e.g., subscribe methods unsubscribe methods end Do NOT put your e-mail address or other text on these lines. The server only allows you to cancel your subscription if the address on your mail header matches the address on our mailing list. Please ask for help at biosci-help@net.bio.net if your address has changed, e.g., if you know you are on the list but the server tells you that you are not a member. Users in Europe, Africa, and Central Asia who use the BIOSCI node at -------------------------------------------------------------------- computer daresbury.ac.uk (also known as dl.ac.uk): ------------------------------------------------- To subscribe and unsubscribe to/from the BIOSCI lists, you need to specify the full USENET newsgroup name with "bionet-news." prepended. The USENET newsgroup names are listed in the BIOSCI Information sheet on the Web at http://www.bio.net/. For the METHODS-AND-REAGENTS list the USENET newsgroup name is bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts, thus the appropriate commands are sub bionet-news.bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts unsub bionet-news.bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts These commands are included in a message addressed to mxt@dl.ac.uk, NOT to the newsgroup mailing addresses. As usual, include the text in the body of the message as text on the Subject: line is ignored. To unsubscribe from all the lists at the UK node, use unsub bionet-news Please note that if the address in the list is different than the one in your mail message header, you will not be able to unsubscribe by this method. If you have problems, please mail biosci@daresbury.ac.uk. 4) The BIOSCI user address and research interest directory. ----------------------------------------------------------- Please take this opportunity to add your name, address, and research interest information to the BIOSCI User Address Database if you have not already done so. You can fill out the address form directly through our Web page at URL http://www.bio.net/adrform.html. The address database is reindexed nightly for WWW access (the URL is http://www.bio.net/). If you are not directly on the Internet but can reach it by e-mail, please use our waismail server to access the user directory. waismail use is described above. You can also request a user address form by e-mail from biosci-help@net.bio.net. Please check your database entry from time-to-time to see if your address information is still up-to-date. Because of our limited personnel resources, we ask that you resubmit a *complete* form to revise your entry; we only replace complete entries and do not have resources to edit old forms. Sincerely, Dave Kristofferson BIOSCI/bionet Manager biosci-help@net.bio.net From BIOSCI-REQUEST Sun Aug 11 00:16:02 1996 Return-Path: BIOSCI-REQUEST Received: (from daemon@localhost) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) id AAA19834; Sun, 11 Aug 1996 00:16:02 -0700 Received: from mips.agric.wa.gov.au (mips.agric.wa.gov.au [159.207.200.70]) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) with SMTP id AAA19821; Sun, 11 Aug 1996 00:15:59 -0700 Received: from mmgate.agric.wa.gov.au by mips.agric.wa.gov.au (5.61/1.34) id AA17032; Sun, 11 Aug 96 15:20:02 +0800 Received: by mmgate.agric.wa.gov.au with Microsoft Mail id <320E5D36@mmgate.agric.wa.gov.au>; Sun, 11 Aug 96 15:22:46 PDT From: Loughman Rob To: rust-mildew Subject: re: P. striiformis Date: Sun, 11 Aug 96 15:13:00 PDT Message-Id: <320E5D36@mmgate.agric.wa.gov.au> Encoding: 17 TEXT X-Mailer: Microsoft Mail V3.0 Dr Pretorius while we do not have stripe rust in Western Australia we have experience with control of wheat leaf rust under epidemic conditions including methods of application and chemicals that would be appropriate for your situation. Please contact me direct on email address below if you wish to discuss this. Regards, Robert Loughman ____________________________________________ Robert Loughman Plant Pathologist Agriculture Western Australia Baron-Hay Crt, South Perth, 6151 Australia tel: 619 368 3691 fax: 619 367 2625 email: roblo@infotech.agric.wa.gov.au ____________________________________________ From BIOSCI-REQUEST Fri Aug 16 05:00:22 1996 Return-Path: BIOSCI-REQUEST Received: (from daemon@localhost) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) id FAA14589; Fri, 16 Aug 1996 05:00:22 -0700 Received: from risvm1.risoe.dk (risvm1.risoe.dk [130.226.48.29]) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id FAA14582; Fri, 16 Aug 1996 05:00:20 -0700 Received: from risrms1.risoe.dk (risrms1.risoe.dk) by risoe.dk (PMDF V5.0-7 #12571) id <01I8CGXE68C09HB2O6@risoe.dk> for rust-mil@net.bio.net; Fri, 16 Aug 1996 14:00:37 +0200 Received: from RISRMS1/SpoolDir by risrms1.risoe.dk (Mercury 1.21); Fri, 16 Aug 1996 14:00:36 +0200 Received: from SpoolDir by RISRMS1 (Mercury 1.21); Fri, 16 Aug 1996 14:00:33 +0200 Date: Fri, 16 Aug 1996 14:00:27 +0200 From: Hanne Oestergaard Subject: COST 817 Meetings in Lunteren To: rust-mil@net.bio.net Message-id: Organization: Risoe National Laboratory, Denmark X-Mailer: Pegasus Mail for Windows (v2.33) Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Priority: normal To participants in COST 817, This to announce the time schedule for the COST meetings in connection to the 9CRPM Conference in Lunteren: Sunday Sept.1st: 14-21: WG5 (Further information Claude Pope) Monday Sept 2nd 9-17: WG1 (Further information Ursula Walther) Monday Sept 2nd 17-22 MC (Further information Hanne yenstergard) Since I have got no formal letter from Masson with the Agenda for the MC Meeting, other relevant persons might not have got it either. Therefore, it is found below. The deadlines mentioned cannot be kept for the same reason so all deadlines are instead August 30th. Preliminary agenda for the 6th MC Meeting to be held in Lunteren, The Netherlands, on Monday, September 2, at 17.00 to 22.00 hours. 1. Approval of agenda 2. Approval of Minutes of 5'th MC Meeting 3. Status of member countries and institutes 4. Evaluation of work/plans for work in working groups. Coordinators of working groups and subgroups are invited to present a short report. 5. General discussion of the Management of the Action: How are the now 4(5) subgroups of WG1 managed? Will WG4 be continued with a revised aim? Suggestions have to be send to Hanne yenstergard before August 16th. 6. Planning of workshop(s) for 1996/1997. Suggestions have to be send to Hanne yenstergard before August 16th. 7. Status for Study Contract on Database 8. Status for Short Term Scientific Missions. Deadline for next application is August 16th. 9. Status for Internet home pages. 10. Discussion of account for 1995, expected account for 1996 and budget for 1997. 11. Any other business. Looking forward to seeing you in Lunteren, Hanne yenstergard Chairperson COST 817 --------------------------- Hanne yenstergard Environmental Science and Technology Department Risc National Laboratory Post Box 49 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Direct phone: 45 4677 4111 Home page: http://www.risoe.dk --------------------------- From BIOSCI-REQUEST Fri Aug 16 05:02:49 1996 Return-Path: BIOSCI-REQUEST Received: (from daemon@localhost) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) id FAA14670; Fri, 16 Aug 1996 05:02:49 -0700 Received: from risvm1.risoe.dk (risvm1.risoe.dk [130.226.48.29]) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id FAA14665; Fri, 16 Aug 1996 05:02:47 -0700 Received: from risrms1.risoe.dk (risrms1.risoe.dk) by risoe.dk (PMDF V5.0-7 #12571) id <01I8CH0J72DS9HB78E@risoe.dk> for rust-mil@net.bio.net; Fri, 16 Aug 1996 14:03:08 +0200 Received: from RISRMS1/SpoolDir by risrms1.risoe.dk (Mercury 1.21); Fri, 16 Aug 1996 14:03:07 +0200 Received: from SpoolDir by RISRMS1 (Mercury 1.21); Fri, 16 Aug 1996 14:03:02 +0200 Date: Fri, 16 Aug 1996 14:02:56 +0200 From: Hanne Oestergaard Subject: COST 817: Short Term Scientific Missions To: rust-mil@net.bio.net Message-id: Organization: Risoe National Laboratory, Denmark X-Mailer: Pegasus Mail for Windows (v2.33) Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Priority: normal To participants in COST 817, This to announce that the next deadline for applications for Short Term Scientific Missions is August 30th 1996. The Application Form and Guidelines can be obtained from national delegates of the Management Committee or from myself. Note that the objectives of the mission should be among the following: n to learn a new technique (broadly speaking) n to make measurements or analyses of data using instruments or methods not available in the applicants laboratory n to finish manuscripts The duration of the mission should be between 3 days and 1 month and the maximum amount to be applied for is 1500 ECU per mission. COST will pay travel, accommodation and living expenses, but not research expenses. Expenses has to be at a low budget rate. If this is not possible, the applicants institution must supplement. The application must describe what the visit is intended to achieve, why a visit is necessary and why the visit is to that particular laboratory. Further, it must explain the relevance of the visit for the research of the applicant as well as for the aims of the COST Actions. Only scientists from laboratories actively participating in the COST Action can apply. The applications will be evaluated by a board of scientists from the Management Committee and the related Working Group co-ordinator according to an evaluation scheme. The conclusion will be sent to the applicant by the end of September. Yours sincerely, Hanne yenstergard Chairperson --------------------------- Hanne yenstergard Environmental Science and Technology Department Risc National Laboratory Post Box 49 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Direct phone: 45 4677 4111 Home page: http://www.risoe.dk --------------------------- From BIOSCI-REQUEST Sun Aug 25 09:48:25 1996 Return-Path: BIOSCI-REQUEST Received: (from daemon@localhost) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) id JAA11857; Sun, 25 Aug 1996 09:48:25 -0700 Received: from tensornet.com (pacific.tensornet.com [204.248.59.2]) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) with SMTP id JAA11854; Sun, 25 Aug 1996 09:48:23 -0700 Received: from pcmd.tensornet.com (tenpc18.tensornet.com) by tensornet.com (4.1/SMI-4.1) id AA13791; Sun, 25 Aug 96 11:50:38 CDT Message-Id: <3220759E.4A1D@pcmd.com> Date: Sun, 25 Aug 1996 11:47:42 -0400 From: Tom Reply-To: pcmd@pcmd.com Organization: PC MD Enterprises X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.0 (Win95; I) Mime-Version: 1.0 To: rust-mil@net.bio.net Subject: Grass problem with rust fungi Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Help, I can not currently access bionet.rust.mildew directly thru my ISP. Therefore I need to ask this question even though it may be answered on the newsgroup... I have a sever problem with a rust fungi on my lawn. 2 years ago we contacted one of those lawn services that advised us that the problem (around the edges of our yard) was due to a nitrogen deficiency. In the spring of '94 we started a year long program that appeared to eliminate the fungi. Last year ('95) we continued the program but lost our lawn to web worm (sources state they love high nitrogen grass) we reseeded with a variety of grasses this spring and continued the fertilizer program. Now the rust has returned and has taken over the entire 1/2 acre lot. This is the worst case ever seen by the lawn services - but now instead of being a low nitrogen grass problem they say it is a soil problem and we need to re-seed with a resistant grass type. I am now confused....please point me in the right direction - either a fungicide or university contact that my want to research this epidemic in my yard. Some neighbors have the problem in small (12" dia.) spots but not to our extreme..... reply via e-mail to tom@pcmd.com Thanks ahead of time -- Tom Weiland Director, Customer Services PC MD Enterprises E-mail: pcmd@pcmd.com Home Page: http://www.pcmd.com Snail Mail: PC MD Enterprises PO Box 47 Westmont, IL 60559-0047 From BIOSCI-REQUEST Tue Aug 27 11:29:25 1996 Return-Path: BIOSCI-REQUEST Received: (from daemon@localhost) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) id LAA24235; Tue, 27 Aug 1996 11:29:25 -0700 Received: from puccini.crl.umn.edu (puccini.crl.umn.edu [134.84.228.1]) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id LAA24232; Tue, 27 Aug 1996 11:29:24 -0700 Received: from [205.212.60.151] (rhin-cs-1.newnorth.net [205.212.60.151]) by puccini.crl.umn.edu (SMI-8.6/8.6.9) with SMTP id NAA06195; Tue, 27 Aug 1996 13:29:44 -0500 Date: Tue, 27 Aug 1996 13:29:44 -0500 Message-Id: <199608271829.NAA06195@puccini.crl.umn.edu> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" To: pcmd@pcmd.com From: paulz@puccini.crl.umn.edu (Paul Zambino) Subject: Re: Grass problem with rust fungi Cc: rust-mil@net.bio.net >Help, >I can not currently access bionet.rust.mildew directly thru my ISP. >Therefore I need to ask this question even though it may be answered on >the newsgroup... > > I have a sever problem with a rust fungi on my lawn. 2 years ago we >contacted one of those lawn services that advised us that the problem >(around the edges of our yard) was due to a nitrogen deficiency. In the >spring of '94 we started a year long program that appeared to eliminate >the fungi. Last year ('95) we continued the program but lost our lawn >to web worm (sources state they love high nitrogen grass) we reseeded >with a variety of grasses this spring and continued the fertilizer >program. Now the rust has returned and has taken over the entire 1/2 >acre lot. This is the worst case ever seen by the lawn services - but >now instead of being a low nitrogen grass problem they say it is a soil >problem and we need to re-seed with a resistant grass type. > >I am now confused.... Tom, Rightly so! Rust is caused by a fungus that infects the grass by means of spores. The spores that infect grass in early summer come from a different plant, called an "alternate host", that is not even a grass. Once rust has jumped from the alternate host to the grass, the yellow to orange to brown-colored powdery spores that form will re-infect the grass throughout the season, and have the potential to create quite an epidemic if the conditions are right. However, spores will only infect if the environmental conditions include a period of dew long enough for the spore to germinate and then to "get inside" the grass before the sun can dry it out the following morning. The more often the conditions are right, the more the rust can build up. Check the diagnosis of rust on your grass by seeing if small dots "pustules" of powdery yellowish to brownish spores are present. In contrast, whitish to whitish grey spores can indicate mildew, a different problem. THis year has been exceptional in some parts of the country for the development of rust and other fungal diseases on many types of plants. For example, I have never previously noticed needle rust on Colorado blue spruce, but this year almost all of the most recent needles are very heavily infected on many of the trees in our area. So your current outbreak may be partly a fluke of the weather. Another factor that may have caused the rust to be worse for you this year is your having reseeded your lawn. Rust will only grow on varieties and species of grass that are susceptible. Grass in lawns is usually a mixture of several species, each of which may be susceptible to a different species or strain of rust. In seed mixes, some varieties of Perennial and annual rye grass (genus Lolium), and certain fescue grasses (Festuca) are very susceptible to strains of a rust species called "crown rust", so named because of the shape of the spores. Crown rust starts out in the spring as yellow infections on the common bush known as buckthorn (Rhamnus). Buckthorn is sometimes planted as a hedge, or will grow as a "volunteer" seeded by birds among other bushes, hedges, woodlots, and wild areas. When buckthorn is found near susceptible grasses, infection and epidemics might be found earlier or more noticably than in lawns that don't have the alternate hosts present. Bluegrass and quackgrass also get rusts, but these rusts are often not as noticable as the crown rust on ryegrass, partly because the alternate hosts are not as prevalent, and in some rusts the spores are not as noticable as the bright colored spores of crown rust. What will happen if the rust in your lawn is not controlled? Probably not much. At the worst, the most susceptible grass types in your newly seeded lawn mix will weaken and be replaced by grasses or varieties that are more resistant. Weeding out buckthorn may delay the onset of crown rust in future years, but then, the environmental conditions may not favor as great of an epidemic in the next few years, anyway. What your lawn services mentioned about low soil fertility causing rust is pretty much the reverse of what is true. Lawn services tend to suggest more fertilizer than is necessary at any rate. Rust is a type of fungus, known as an "obligate parasite" that must grow on living plant cells. It does best when the plant "host" is happy and has lush green growth. Like many disease-causing fungi, it thrives best when the grass has been fed a "diet" overly rich in nitrogen. So the yellowness sometimes seen around disease spots on grass leaves is not due to nitrogen deficiency. It is a good idea to apply only a balanced fertilizer, without too high nitrogen, when you feel that fertilizer must be applied. I cannot think of any other soil "problems" that would affect the amount of rust in turf. Good luck on your lawn. May it grow! Paul Z. >reply via e-mail to tom@pcmd.com Paul Zambino, Ph.D. USDA Forest Service Forestry Sciences Lab 5985 Highway K Rhinelander, WI 54501 PH:(715)362-1178 FAX: (715)362-1166 EMAIL: paulz@puccini.crl.umn.edu DG:p.zambino:R09F06A From BIOSCI-REQUEST Wed Aug 28 12:18:08 1996 Return-Path: BIOSCI-REQUEST Received: (from daemon@localhost) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) id MAA02243; Wed, 28 Aug 1996 12:18:08 -0700 Received: from Walden.MO.NET (root@walden.mo.net [199.250.196.5]) by net.bio.net (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id MAA02132 Received: from AFMCL (pm7x9.dialip.mo.net [205.139.231.233]) by Walden.MO.NET (8.7.4/8.6.10) with SMTP id OAA15090; Wed, 28 Aug 1996 14:27:01 -0500 (CDT) Message-Id: <199608281927.OAA15090@Walden.MO.NET> Date: Wed, 28 Aug 96 14:13:56 -0500 From: Anne McLaren MIME-Version: 1.0 To: agroforestry@net.bio.net, aibslist@net.bio.net, arab-gen@net.bio.net, ascb@net.bio.net, biochrom@net.bio.net, bioforum@net.bio.net, bionews@net.bio.net, cellbiol@net.bio.net, faseb@net.bio.net, gen-link@net.bio.net, genome@nal.usda.gov, grasses@net.bio.net, maize@net.bio.net, photosynthesis@net.bio.net, plant-ed@net.bio.net, plantbio@net.bio.net, plsignal@net.bio.net, recom@net.bio.net, rust-mil@net.bio.net, womenbio@net.bio.net CC: ed@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu, kellye@erols.com, maryp@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu, mclaren@MO.NET Subject: Nat. Corn Genome Initiative Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit A consortium of private and public organiztions has proposed a project to map the corn genome, called the National Corn Genome Initiative (NCGI). We believe that Federal funding would be appropriate since a corn genome map would be of National importance, and keeping the map in the public domain would benefit all associated plant and biological sciences. Details of the NCGI are available at: a) http://www.inverizon.com then use the "NCGI" icon or b) http//www.inverizon.com/ncgi Please feel free to circulate this web address to your colleagues and associates. Your support would be appreciated via either constructive criticism/new approaches to help the project succeed, or by vocal support through your political representative or professional scientific association. Thank you, Jim McLaren NCGI Plan Coordinator